Rahim Tabet | Maret 02, 2016 |
Indonesia
Indonesia is at the beginning of its independence a federation, but this government was soon transformed into a unitary state, the "Republic of Indonesia".
The Constitution of 1945 was replaced in 1949 by a federal constitution. In 1950 Federal Constitution made this place a provisional unitary constitution, and was reinstated the Constitution of 1945 and in 1959 it passed to the system of "guided democracy". The basis of this constitution is the official state philosophy Pantjasila set by President Suharto, which includes five basic principles of the Indonesian unitary state: the belief in one God, a unitary state, humanity, social justice and "a democracy guided by the wisdom of consultation (musyawarah) and representation.
Indonesia is a republic with a presidential system where the executive power is vested in the president and the ministers. The ministers are appointed by the president and are only accountable to him. The President and Vice President are elected for five years, from 2004 through direct elections and then again re-elected (president Suharto has ruled for example five full periods). He or she has the right of veto bills (Keputusan Presiden) and also has great powers, especially because he can proclaim a state of emergency in the country and is also the supreme commander of the army.
Legislative power is vested in the 500-member parliament (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR). Of these, 400 members of parliament are directly elected by the people, and 100 are appointed by the president. After 2004 it appointed seats for police and military will be lifted.
The highest body is the elected People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat), which consists of 700 members since 1999 and is composed of members of parliament and representatives of regional and professional groups; it meets at least once every five year, sets the political guidelines and elect the president. After 2004 the board only consist of members of the House of Representatives will and the Regional Representatives Council, which will be elected in the 2004 general election. The expectation is that there will be gathered vakere by the MPR and will play an active role in the economic and political policies of the government.
Administrative
The country is divided into 24 provinces (propinsi) and three so-called special areas (Daerah Istimewa): Jakarta Raya, Yogyakarta and Aceh (Aceh). These three areas all have a special form of government. The former province of East Timor declared its independence in 1999.
The provinces are ruled by governors (gubernur) who are appointed by the President and to him or her accountable. The governor has a certain room for maneuver in the field of education, religion and 'adat or customary law.
Each province into districts (kabupaten "headed by a" bupati or raining)) or municipalities (kotamadya 'controlled by a Walikota or mayor). There are more than 300 districts and 55 municipalities. The counties and municipalities are divided into more than 3,000 sub-districts (Kecamatan 'with a' CAMAT 'heads)), each of a number of villages (villagers') and 'keluharan' include. A Desa is controlled by a 'kepala desa', a keluharan by a "lurah '.
Education
The Indonesian education system is quite simple. Importantly, the Japanese occupying forces put an end to the coexistence of various types of schools for different ethnic groups. Instead, the primary zesklassige was introduced.
The primary school (sekolah dasar) still forms the basis of the Indonesian education system. Primary education is compulsory in principle, freely accessible and free. In 1987, compulsory education was introduced for all children between 7 and 12 years. In 1989 was 98% of school-age children to basic education. In 1998, primary education was followed by about 75% of the children. In urban areas the figure was almost 90% and in rural areas by nearly 65%. In 1968 only 41% was the average.
Is followed by schools for the three-year lower secondary school (sekolah lanjutan tahap pertama) and three-year higher secondary schools (sekolah lanjutan tahap atas). Most children who go to school, visit the general education of lower secondary school (sekolah menengab pertama), comparable to the former Dutch MAVO. Students who want to learn more can head to the continued high school (sekolah menengab atas). A flaw in the Indonesian education system is the low number of primary vocational schools. Within secondary secondary education includes more variation. In 2000, on average took more than half of the children of secondary school (1968 13%).
Indonesia for higher education has a large variety that it is concentrated in Java. There are many professional and technical education, teacher training colleges and universities. There are currently 76 state universities and nearly 1,600 private universities and colleges. However, the quality of many private universities is not good. Good private universities are the Protestant Satya Wacana University in Salatiga and Parahyangan Catholic University in Bandung.
In 1968 followed only 1.6% of young people some form of higher education. In 2003 this percentage was around 10%, or nearly 3 million students.
Healthcare
Health care in Indonesia has improved considerably in recent decades, but still not at an adequate level. For example, in 1999 only 0.6 beds per thousand residents and more than 0.2 doctors per thousand inhabitants.
Progress is particularly evident in the decline in infant mortality and increased life expectancy. The infant mortality rate dropped from 89.5 per thousand live births to 38 in 2002. The average life expectancy ran from 1967 from 46 years to 69 years in 2003, 66.5 years for men and 71.5 years for women.
Much attention was paid to the expansion of hospital capacity in the country. The number of public health centers increased from the early seventies from 1250 to over 7000. First aid stations and mobile health centers are now nearly 30,000. Furthermore, the very emphasis on prevention and on improving food and drinking water.
Indonesian Typical
The gamelan music is considered one of the most highly developed musical art forms in the world. Gamelan Orchestra often provide the musical accompaniment of dance and theater.
The gamelan name is derived from 'gamel', an Old Javanese word for hammer handle or because most instruments in a gamelan orchestra are percussion instruments. The Indonesian term karawitan 'is the collective name for both the Javanese and Balinese gamelan music. A gamelan orchestra can consist of five to forty instruments, including 'rebab (two-stringed lute), "suling (bamboo flute)," acknowledged hang' (wooden drum), "bonang ',' gender 'and' gambang (xylophone).
Bronze, copper and iron percussion instruments date back to prehistoric times, when the first gamelan orchestra was created, is not clear. The heart of the gamelan music is formed by the large bronze gongs, which can be heard up to kilometers.
Since the 19th century are also, especially female (pesinden), vocals for the gamelan. The lyrics of the songs are written in an archaic or literary language, and therefore difficult to understand even for the Indonesians. No music is used, but most of the compositions or gendhing 'are strictly defined.
Balinese gamelan music is very different from the Javanese. Balinese form has shrill tones and lively rhythms, the Javanese form, however, has slow, measured tones.
Batik
Batik (meaning 'drawing was ") a uitsparings- and decorative technique for textiles which probably stems from the Hindu-Javanese period, but reached only flourished in the 16th century. Each region has its own reasons, its own color scheme and his own style.
The procedure is as follows: with a liquid wax to be patterns on a white cloth, or "mori" arranged, after which the fabric is immersed in cold dye baths. The tissue then takes the color of the bath to at those places where there is no wax is applied. The fabric is dyed and after the operation, the pattern on both the front and rear visible. The oldest colors used are blue and indigo 'soga, a brown color, which was until 1700 the most beloved hofkleur. Today, these colors no longer produce but chemically composed.
Java is a distinction made between 'batik tulis' and' batik cap (pronounced chop). When the labor-intensive and therefore expensive batik tulis one writes as it were, the wax, with the aid of a copper container with spout or "Canting", on the fabric. A single garment can carry hundreds of different patterns. Cap in batik motifs applied with a wooden or brass stamp. Batik cap with the pattern is repeated and it is the most common method. The arrival of the batik cap blew at the end of the 19th century, the batik industry new life. The mass everyone could afford batik fabrics and entered the export of batik from Java to the Outer going. Batik tulis is done by women, the batik cap technique requires much more power, and is therefore mainly done by men.
Nowadays there are also a lot of machine-printed batik (batik cetak) for sale, which are massively bought by tourists. Pekalongan in Java known locally as Kota Batik (Batik City ") and is a major textile center for colorful handmade batik provided with microbrews patterns. After Yogyakarta and Solo is here made the most of batik. Pekalongan batik even has a museum.
Solo is a highly respected standing center of batik production. Batik motifs in Solonese style with their sombre classical colors are traditional and vary significantly from Yogyakarta.
An outspoken style has Cirebon with examples by Chinese-inspired motifs clouds in bright blue or red, or rock gardens with elephants and deer lusthof Suniaragi. The Sundanese batiks show big edge motives of birds with long tail feathers between reeds or bamboo, against a plain background. Batik from the north coast has been strongly influenced by the tastes of Chinese and European women.
Wayang
In a narrower sense, a wayang (meaning "shade" or "spirit") a flat or round doll, which is used in Java for a play or a puppet. In a broader sense, the term means all the wayang theater performances or stories where characters are portrayed from the wajangrepertoire. This can be done through unmasked actors (wayang orang or wayang wong), by human actors with masks (Wayang Topeng), flathead buffalo leather puppets (wayang kulit) or round wooden puppet (wayang golek). The lyrics are mostly in Javanese or Sundanese, sometimes in Indonesian. The songs are sung in Kawi or Old Javanese.
Shadow puppets are beautiful expressions of Javanese art. They are not real images of people, but shadow puppets that as closely as possible come the human figure in the plane. The largest doll is sometimes a meter long, the smallest not less than 23 centimeters.
Wajangvoorstellingen given occasion or following ceremonial and celebratory events and important social or domestic events, including to ward off evil. The philosophy is that when on stage the calamity is averted, the harmony is guaranteed a while in the world beyond.
Wayang originated only in Java and Bali, but also where to find Javanese settled in colonies such as South Sumatra, South Borneo and Suriname. The shadow play with leather puppets has also spread to northern Malaysia and southern Thailand. Balinese puppets are coarser and more natural and closer to the old shadow puppets. Javanese puppets have become increasingly sophisticated over the past two centuries.
Java is the main type of wayang the 'wayang kulit' shadow the flat, cut out leather puppets. This form draws its material from the 'purwa'-theater repertoire that draws its material back to the two major, originally from India dating epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The fabric is often so extensive that it is divided into dozens of episodes which are called 'lakon'. Each lakon is an independent story and each performance is shown one lakon. In a wayang kulit show the shadows of the puppets on a screen of white cloth strung on a wooden frame. Above the head of the puppeteer, the 'Darlan, a special lamp hangs (blèncong), often in the form of the mythical bird Garuda sun. Formerly a brass oil lamp, now usually an electric bulb. The Dalang is accompanied by a gamelan orchestra. Each melody played by the orchestra, has a symbolic meaning. An average-Darlan definitely have a hundred dolls, often even more. The Dalang is both lyricist, producer, principal narrator, conductor and director.
A wayang performance usually begins early in the evening and takes over until the next morning. A lakon has three businesses: from 21.00 to 24.00 hours, from midnight to 03:00 pm and from 3:00 pm until dawn.
In West Java enjoys the 'wayang golek' popularity. This form is played with a round, dressed stick puppets, which have swivel heads and movable limbs. Compared with the shadow of Central and East Java is the mystical element in the wayang golek virtually absent, while emphasizing the humor. The repertoire of wayang golek -Theater was strongly influenced by Islam. Wayang Golek is usually performed during the day so that you can see the beautiful colors well.
"Wayang krucil 'is played with flat, painted wooden dolls, and is a kind of poor man's version of the shadow. The dolls are smaller and the gamelan orchestra is limited to a few players.
In "wayang beber 'a story is depicted on a painted part. The Darlan turns slowly off to the public with a wajangverhaal painted role, while telling the story.
At 'wayang kelitek "uses plain wooden dolls and there is no screen to customize. The stories were created in Java and take place in the East Javanese period. They are known Panjicyclus and Damar Wulan.
There are two forms in which human actors a story from the Panji cycle. In the case of 'wayang topeng' is done by masked dancers and enter the Darlan as narrator. In "wayang orang", also known as wayang wong ', the dancers perform wayang purwa stories. The actors are not masked but only made up and recite or sing their own lyrics.
A relatively new form is in Jakarta frequently played 'wayang karya', with a large stage for the dolls.
The Constitution of 1945 was replaced in 1949 by a federal constitution. In 1950 Federal Constitution made this place a provisional unitary constitution, and was reinstated the Constitution of 1945 and in 1959 it passed to the system of "guided democracy". The basis of this constitution is the official state philosophy Pantjasila set by President Suharto, which includes five basic principles of the Indonesian unitary state: the belief in one God, a unitary state, humanity, social justice and "a democracy guided by the wisdom of consultation (musyawarah) and representation.
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| Indonesian Parliamen Building |
Legislative power is vested in the 500-member parliament (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR). Of these, 400 members of parliament are directly elected by the people, and 100 are appointed by the president. After 2004 it appointed seats for police and military will be lifted.
The highest body is the elected People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat), which consists of 700 members since 1999 and is composed of members of parliament and representatives of regional and professional groups; it meets at least once every five year, sets the political guidelines and elect the president. After 2004 the board only consist of members of the House of Representatives will and the Regional Representatives Council, which will be elected in the 2004 general election. The expectation is that there will be gathered vakere by the MPR and will play an active role in the economic and political policies of the government.
Administrative
The country is divided into 24 provinces (propinsi) and three so-called special areas (Daerah Istimewa): Jakarta Raya, Yogyakarta and Aceh (Aceh). These three areas all have a special form of government. The former province of East Timor declared its independence in 1999.
The provinces are ruled by governors (gubernur) who are appointed by the President and to him or her accountable. The governor has a certain room for maneuver in the field of education, religion and 'adat or customary law.
Each province into districts (kabupaten "headed by a" bupati or raining)) or municipalities (kotamadya 'controlled by a Walikota or mayor). There are more than 300 districts and 55 municipalities. The counties and municipalities are divided into more than 3,000 sub-districts (Kecamatan 'with a' CAMAT 'heads)), each of a number of villages (villagers') and 'keluharan' include. A Desa is controlled by a 'kepala desa', a keluharan by a "lurah '.
| Province | Capital | Populations | Area |
| DKI Jakarta | Jakarta | 8.500.000 | 664 km2 |
| D I Yogyakarta | Yogyakarta | 3.200.000 | 3186 km2 |
| Bali | Denpasar | 3.300.000 | 5.633 km2 |
| Bengkulu | Bengkulu | 1.600.000 | 19.789 km2 |
| Irian Jaya | Javapura | 2.300.000 | 421.981 km2 |
| Jambi | Jambi | 2.500.000 | 53.436 km2 |
| Jawa Barat | Bandung | 45.000.000 | 43.177 km2 |
| Jawa Tengah | Semarang | 32.000.000 | 32.549 km2 |
| Jawa Timur | Surabaya | 35.000.000 | 47.923 km2 |
| Kalimantan Barat | Pontianak | 4.500.000 | 146.807 km2 |
| Kalimantan Selatan | Baniarmasin | 3.000.000 | 36.535 km2 |
| Kalimantan Tengah | Palangkarava | 1.900.000 | 153.564 km2 |
| Kalimantan Timur | Samarinda | 2.500.000 | 210.985 km2 |
| Lampung | Tanjungkarang | 7.000.000 | 35.385 km2 |
| Maluku | Ambon | 2.000.000 | 77.781 km2 |
| Nusa Tenggara Barat | Mataram | 4.200.000 | 20.153 km2 |
| Nusa Tenggara Timur | Kupang | 4.000.000 | 47.349 km2 |
| Riau | Pekanbaru | 5.100.000 | 94.561 km2 |
| Sulawesi Selatan | Ujungpandang | 8.200.000 | 72.781 km2 |
| Sulawesi Tengah | Palu | 2.500.000 | 69.726 km2 |
| Sulawesi Tenggara | Kendari | 2.000.000 | 27.686 km2 |
| Sulawesi Utara | Manado | 3.000.000 | 19.023 km2 |
| Sumatera Barat | Padang | 4.500.000 | 42.898 km2 |
| Sumatera Selatan | Palembang | 8.000.000 | 109.254 km2 |
| Sumatera Utara | Medan | 12.000.000 | 71.680 km2 |
| D I Aceh | Banda Aceh | 4.000.000 | 55.390 km2 |
Education
The Indonesian education system is quite simple. Importantly, the Japanese occupying forces put an end to the coexistence of various types of schools for different ethnic groups. Instead, the primary zesklassige was introduced.
The primary school (sekolah dasar) still forms the basis of the Indonesian education system. Primary education is compulsory in principle, freely accessible and free. In 1987, compulsory education was introduced for all children between 7 and 12 years. In 1989 was 98% of school-age children to basic education. In 1998, primary education was followed by about 75% of the children. In urban areas the figure was almost 90% and in rural areas by nearly 65%. In 1968 only 41% was the average.
Is followed by schools for the three-year lower secondary school (sekolah lanjutan tahap pertama) and three-year higher secondary schools (sekolah lanjutan tahap atas). Most children who go to school, visit the general education of lower secondary school (sekolah menengab pertama), comparable to the former Dutch MAVO. Students who want to learn more can head to the continued high school (sekolah menengab atas). A flaw in the Indonesian education system is the low number of primary vocational schools. Within secondary secondary education includes more variation. In 2000, on average took more than half of the children of secondary school (1968 13%).
Indonesia for higher education has a large variety that it is concentrated in Java. There are many professional and technical education, teacher training colleges and universities. There are currently 76 state universities and nearly 1,600 private universities and colleges. However, the quality of many private universities is not good. Good private universities are the Protestant Satya Wacana University in Salatiga and Parahyangan Catholic University in Bandung.
In 1968 followed only 1.6% of young people some form of higher education. In 2003 this percentage was around 10%, or nearly 3 million students.
Healthcare
Health care in Indonesia has improved considerably in recent decades, but still not at an adequate level. For example, in 1999 only 0.6 beds per thousand residents and more than 0.2 doctors per thousand inhabitants.
Progress is particularly evident in the decline in infant mortality and increased life expectancy. The infant mortality rate dropped from 89.5 per thousand live births to 38 in 2002. The average life expectancy ran from 1967 from 46 years to 69 years in 2003, 66.5 years for men and 71.5 years for women.
Much attention was paid to the expansion of hospital capacity in the country. The number of public health centers increased from the early seventies from 1250 to over 7000. First aid stations and mobile health centers are now nearly 30,000. Furthermore, the very emphasis on prevention and on improving food and drinking water.
Indonesian Typical
The gamelan music is considered one of the most highly developed musical art forms in the world. Gamelan Orchestra often provide the musical accompaniment of dance and theater.
The gamelan name is derived from 'gamel', an Old Javanese word for hammer handle or because most instruments in a gamelan orchestra are percussion instruments. The Indonesian term karawitan 'is the collective name for both the Javanese and Balinese gamelan music. A gamelan orchestra can consist of five to forty instruments, including 'rebab (two-stringed lute), "suling (bamboo flute)," acknowledged hang' (wooden drum), "bonang ',' gender 'and' gambang (xylophone).
Bronze, copper and iron percussion instruments date back to prehistoric times, when the first gamelan orchestra was created, is not clear. The heart of the gamelan music is formed by the large bronze gongs, which can be heard up to kilometers.
Since the 19th century are also, especially female (pesinden), vocals for the gamelan. The lyrics of the songs are written in an archaic or literary language, and therefore difficult to understand even for the Indonesians. No music is used, but most of the compositions or gendhing 'are strictly defined.
Balinese gamelan music is very different from the Javanese. Balinese form has shrill tones and lively rhythms, the Javanese form, however, has slow, measured tones.
Batik
Batik (meaning 'drawing was ") a uitsparings- and decorative technique for textiles which probably stems from the Hindu-Javanese period, but reached only flourished in the 16th century. Each region has its own reasons, its own color scheme and his own style.
 |
| Batik |
Java is a distinction made between 'batik tulis' and' batik cap (pronounced chop). When the labor-intensive and therefore expensive batik tulis one writes as it were, the wax, with the aid of a copper container with spout or "Canting", on the fabric. A single garment can carry hundreds of different patterns. Cap in batik motifs applied with a wooden or brass stamp. Batik cap with the pattern is repeated and it is the most common method. The arrival of the batik cap blew at the end of the 19th century, the batik industry new life. The mass everyone could afford batik fabrics and entered the export of batik from Java to the Outer going. Batik tulis is done by women, the batik cap technique requires much more power, and is therefore mainly done by men.
Nowadays there are also a lot of machine-printed batik (batik cetak) for sale, which are massively bought by tourists. Pekalongan in Java known locally as Kota Batik (Batik City ") and is a major textile center for colorful handmade batik provided with microbrews patterns. After Yogyakarta and Solo is here made the most of batik. Pekalongan batik even has a museum.
Solo is a highly respected standing center of batik production. Batik motifs in Solonese style with their sombre classical colors are traditional and vary significantly from Yogyakarta.
An outspoken style has Cirebon with examples by Chinese-inspired motifs clouds in bright blue or red, or rock gardens with elephants and deer lusthof Suniaragi. The Sundanese batiks show big edge motives of birds with long tail feathers between reeds or bamboo, against a plain background. Batik from the north coast has been strongly influenced by the tastes of Chinese and European women.
Wayang
In a narrower sense, a wayang (meaning "shade" or "spirit") a flat or round doll, which is used in Java for a play or a puppet. In a broader sense, the term means all the wayang theater performances or stories where characters are portrayed from the wajangrepertoire. This can be done through unmasked actors (wayang orang or wayang wong), by human actors with masks (Wayang Topeng), flathead buffalo leather puppets (wayang kulit) or round wooden puppet (wayang golek). The lyrics are mostly in Javanese or Sundanese, sometimes in Indonesian. The songs are sung in Kawi or Old Javanese.
 |
| Wayang |
Shadow puppets are beautiful expressions of Javanese art. They are not real images of people, but shadow puppets that as closely as possible come the human figure in the plane. The largest doll is sometimes a meter long, the smallest not less than 23 centimeters.
Wajangvoorstellingen given occasion or following ceremonial and celebratory events and important social or domestic events, including to ward off evil. The philosophy is that when on stage the calamity is averted, the harmony is guaranteed a while in the world beyond.
Wayang originated only in Java and Bali, but also where to find Javanese settled in colonies such as South Sumatra, South Borneo and Suriname. The shadow play with leather puppets has also spread to northern Malaysia and southern Thailand. Balinese puppets are coarser and more natural and closer to the old shadow puppets. Javanese puppets have become increasingly sophisticated over the past two centuries.
Java is the main type of wayang the 'wayang kulit' shadow the flat, cut out leather puppets. This form draws its material from the 'purwa'-theater repertoire that draws its material back to the two major, originally from India dating epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The fabric is often so extensive that it is divided into dozens of episodes which are called 'lakon'. Each lakon is an independent story and each performance is shown one lakon. In a wayang kulit show the shadows of the puppets on a screen of white cloth strung on a wooden frame. Above the head of the puppeteer, the 'Darlan, a special lamp hangs (blèncong), often in the form of the mythical bird Garuda sun. Formerly a brass oil lamp, now usually an electric bulb. The Dalang is accompanied by a gamelan orchestra. Each melody played by the orchestra, has a symbolic meaning. An average-Darlan definitely have a hundred dolls, often even more. The Dalang is both lyricist, producer, principal narrator, conductor and director.
A wayang performance usually begins early in the evening and takes over until the next morning. A lakon has three businesses: from 21.00 to 24.00 hours, from midnight to 03:00 pm and from 3:00 pm until dawn.
In West Java enjoys the 'wayang golek' popularity. This form is played with a round, dressed stick puppets, which have swivel heads and movable limbs. Compared with the shadow of Central and East Java is the mystical element in the wayang golek virtually absent, while emphasizing the humor. The repertoire of wayang golek -Theater was strongly influenced by Islam. Wayang Golek is usually performed during the day so that you can see the beautiful colors well.
"Wayang krucil 'is played with flat, painted wooden dolls, and is a kind of poor man's version of the shadow. The dolls are smaller and the gamelan orchestra is limited to a few players.
In "wayang beber 'a story is depicted on a painted part. The Darlan turns slowly off to the public with a wajangverhaal painted role, while telling the story.
At 'wayang kelitek "uses plain wooden dolls and there is no screen to customize. The stories were created in Java and take place in the East Javanese period. They are known Panjicyclus and Damar Wulan.
There are two forms in which human actors a story from the Panji cycle. In the case of 'wayang topeng' is done by masked dancers and enter the Darlan as narrator. In "wayang orang", also known as wayang wong ', the dancers perform wayang purwa stories. The actors are not masked but only made up and recite or sing their own lyrics.
A relatively new form is in Jakarta frequently played 'wayang karya', with a large stage for the dolls.
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