Rahim Tabet | Februari 29, 2016 |
Indonesia
Religion is very important in Indonesia. The belief in an omnipotent God is the first of the five principles of Pancasila, the ideological orientation of the Indonesian government, and one of the main factors that tries to promote the unity of the people.
The constitution guarantees freedom of religion is limited to monotheistic religions; pantheism is allowed only if there is designated a god. More than anywhere else in the world religions from other countries are accepted here and brought into line with primeval, primordial animistic traditions.
Ca. 90% of the Indonesian population is Sunni direction within Islam. This means that on the Indonesian islands lives the largest Muslim community in the world. Nevertheless, Islam is no state religion, professors of the most diverse religions generally live peacefully side by side. About 10% is Christian (two-thirds Protestant and one-third Roman Catholic), 5% related to local religions. Bali dominates Hinduism.
ISLAM
The main religion in Indonesia is Islam, which was introduced after Christ in the 13th and 14th centuries. The first time in Aceh and later in almost all coastal areas. Mystics also spread the religion in the courts of the Hindu princes, Arab and For Indian spice traders with the common people. Islam was spread throughout the archipelago, in particular by the Bugis, a nation of seafarers and traders who originally came from South Sulawesi.
Java, where the majority of Muslims live, has two groups. The 'santri' is an Orthodox community that lives by the Five Pillars of Islam. The other group, the 'abangans', called Javanese religion professes' agama java ", a kind of Hindu-Javanese mysticism, and is located in Central and East Java.
Sumatra orthodox Islam finds many supporters, especially in the northern province of Aceh. Kalimantan we find a mystical tinted Islam among the Malays along the coasts. On Sulawesi are the Bugis, Macassar and Gorontalezen who adhere to Islam.
Istiqlal mosque in Jakarta has six floors and is the largest mosque in Southeast Asia and the second largest in the world. The huge white dome is already at a distance of 15 km observable and after Ramadan gatherings here over 200,000 faithful. It was one of the flagship projects of former president Sukarno.
HINDUISM
Hinduism in Bali (Agama Hindu Dharma or Agama Hindu Bali) is the second largest religion in Indonesia. In Bali this religion is professed by more than 90% of the population.
This religion is not comparable with Hinduism in India or the ancient Javanese Hindu religion. However these two elements, along with Buddhism, the basis of the complex Hinduism in Bali.
The Agama Hindu Dharma, where the belief in one supreme being is central, is based on five principles, the 'Panca srada':
1. Belief in 'Sanghyang Widhi Wasa', the one and only God.
2. Belief in 'Atman', the eternal soul.
3. faith in 'Kharma Pala', the law of cause and effect.
4. Belief in 'Punarbhawa' or incarnation.
5. Belief in 'Moksha', the unification with the Eternal Spirit.
Travelling Bali give the many statues and temples the impression that worshiped many gods are worshiped. In reality, the different manifestations of the 'Trimurti', the trinity: Brahma the Creator, Wisnu the keeper and Siwa the destroyer. This trinity is united in one God: Sang Hyang Tunggal, the 'Supreme', which manifests itself in different ways. The many gods and goddesses are therefore only certain aspects of the 'Supreme' or 'Single'.
The center of faith is the "pura desa" where Brahmin priests perform the main ceremonies. In addition to these great temples there are also thousands of other temples, including mortuary temples, family temples and home shrines in the residential areas.
In Bali there is always somewhere a temple feast or religious ceremony. The highlight of the year is the big temple festival, the 'odalan', which is celebrated in every village to commemorate the foundation of the temple. When all parties to take place is calculated based on the Balinese calendar, which is based on het'wuku- or lunar year.
The most 'spectacular' ceremony to see the cremation or ngaben. This event makes a cheerful impression, and that is because the one who is often cremated deceased for months or years ago. By burning the soul of the deceased is released and can be reached heaven.
The size of the corpse towers depends on the cabinet and the wealth of the deceased. The tower represents the cosmos. The base has the shape of a turtle, wound by two hoses. Moreover, a platform created where the body is placed on, and is thus between heaven and earth. For Brahmins apply different rules. They will be cremated as soon as possible after death and are laid out in a bar that has the shape of a 'padmasana or lotus seat.
The differences with India are striking. In India it simple ceremonies, on the other hand they are surrounded with much ceremony in Bali.
The Tenggerezen life around the Tengger mountains in East Java. This isolated community called their faith "agama buddha", a mixture of ancestor worship and Hindu-Buddhist elements.
BUDDHISM
The pure Buddhism does in Indonesia but few adherents. In Banjar, Bali, is the Brahmawihara Arama, a Buddhist monastery and meditation center inhabited by some Balinese Buddhist monks.
A revival of Buddhism experienced a resurgence in the thirties of the 20th century. When Europeans disappeared after independence, the Indonesian Buddhism was an almost exclusively Chinese affair.
Borobudur in Java is a gigantic Buddhist structure that unlike any other human creation is. For the construction were 56,600 m3 of stones needed and Borobudur is the largest 'stupas in the world and the largest historical monument in the southern hemisphere.
In the Borobudur architecture are also noticeable Persian, Babylonian and Greek influences, and therefore has little in common with other Buddhist temples in Southeast Asia.
The construction was made possible thanks to the Vajrayana sect of tantric school of Buddhism. The Saliendra princes left by farmers build between 778 and 850. Because the Sage Dras were placed in 856 overthrown, the building was quickly into disrepair. Partly as a result of the many volcanic eruptions hundreds of years, the monument situated under a layer of earth. In 1814 Borobudur was discovered by an English colonel and in 1855 the building was pretty laid back. Only in 1973 was begun with the restoration.
CHRISTIANITY
About 8% of the population belongs to Christianity, which only became widespread in the 19th century. In 1831 the Netherlands Missionary Society began Protestantism her mission work in 1846 began the Catholic Church. Christianity is concentrated in Indonesia in areas where Islam has never been able to penetrate some reason.
The colonial government acted or regulate. Ecclesiastical appointments APPEAR NECESSARY approval of the civilian authority, including to curb the rivalry of Christian denominations and thus "to avoid double mission. The most striking example is Irian Jaya, which the south to the Catholic mission accrued to the north and the Protestant denominations. Also in other parts of Indonesia are found this pattern.
Flores, Southeast Maluku and West Kalimantan are important Catholic areas. Ambon and environs, Sumba, Tana Toraja, Minahasa and the Batak are strongholds of the Protestant churches. Missionary work was beyond strict Islamic regions such as Aceh, Minangkabau, Banten and Jambi held.
CHINESE RELIGIONS
The religion of many Chinese immigrants is a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism, and the "Three religions" or "Sam Chew Hwee 'mentioned, a name that was changed under the Indonesianiseringscampagne 1963 Tri Dharma, a term derived from Sanskrit. Tri dharma can be regarded as a form of Chinese syncretisme. Buddhism and Confucianism in China was mainly a matter of social and religious upper class, while Taoism the experiences of ordinary people controlled. As Chinese migrants were mostly of simple peasant origins, they brought along to the Indonesian archipelago this popular belief. Except house temples the gods and ancestors are also in larger Chinese temples or Klenteng 'honored.
In the coastal areas of West Kalimantan and North Java is the greatest supporters.
TRADITIONAL RELIGIONS
The significance of traditional religions, despite the small number of official supporters not negligible. Many Indonesians continue to appreciate elements from the old popular belief, even after they have joined one of the "great" religions. Between the original religions are major differences, they all have had their own historical development.
A common element is the animism, the belief that nature and may be animated objects made by humans. Especially old trees, mountains, caves and sources according to popular belief beloved residences of spirits. Sometimes it's true nature spirits, but a deity or the spirits of the dead may also houses there.
The belief in an animated nature enters most of the original Indonesian religions hand in hand with ancestor worship, another common element. Generally dominated practice the belief that spirits of deceased people affected earthly existence. The soul of a deceased person should be surrounded with great care. During rituals, shamans provide the contact between ordinary people and the world of spirits. These and other rituals are the cement of traditional society.
The constitution guarantees freedom of religion is limited to monotheistic religions; pantheism is allowed only if there is designated a god. More than anywhere else in the world religions from other countries are accepted here and brought into line with primeval, primordial animistic traditions.
Ca. 90% of the Indonesian population is Sunni direction within Islam. This means that on the Indonesian islands lives the largest Muslim community in the world. Nevertheless, Islam is no state religion, professors of the most diverse religions generally live peacefully side by side. About 10% is Christian (two-thirds Protestant and one-third Roman Catholic), 5% related to local religions. Bali dominates Hinduism.
ISLAM
The main religion in Indonesia is Islam, which was introduced after Christ in the 13th and 14th centuries. The first time in Aceh and later in almost all coastal areas. Mystics also spread the religion in the courts of the Hindu princes, Arab and For Indian spice traders with the common people. Islam was spread throughout the archipelago, in particular by the Bugis, a nation of seafarers and traders who originally came from South Sulawesi.
Java, where the majority of Muslims live, has two groups. The 'santri' is an Orthodox community that lives by the Five Pillars of Islam. The other group, the 'abangans', called Javanese religion professes' agama java ", a kind of Hindu-Javanese mysticism, and is located in Central and East Java.
Istiqlal mosque in Jakarta has six floors and is the largest mosque in Southeast Asia and the second largest in the world. The huge white dome is already at a distance of 15 km observable and after Ramadan gatherings here over 200,000 faithful. It was one of the flagship projects of former president Sukarno.
HINDUISM
Hinduism in Bali (Agama Hindu Dharma or Agama Hindu Bali) is the second largest religion in Indonesia. In Bali this religion is professed by more than 90% of the population.
This religion is not comparable with Hinduism in India or the ancient Javanese Hindu religion. However these two elements, along with Buddhism, the basis of the complex Hinduism in Bali.
1. Belief in 'Sanghyang Widhi Wasa', the one and only God.
2. Belief in 'Atman', the eternal soul.
3. faith in 'Kharma Pala', the law of cause and effect.
4. Belief in 'Punarbhawa' or incarnation.
5. Belief in 'Moksha', the unification with the Eternal Spirit.
Travelling Bali give the many statues and temples the impression that worshiped many gods are worshiped. In reality, the different manifestations of the 'Trimurti', the trinity: Brahma the Creator, Wisnu the keeper and Siwa the destroyer. This trinity is united in one God: Sang Hyang Tunggal, the 'Supreme', which manifests itself in different ways. The many gods and goddesses are therefore only certain aspects of the 'Supreme' or 'Single'.
The center of faith is the "pura desa" where Brahmin priests perform the main ceremonies. In addition to these great temples there are also thousands of other temples, including mortuary temples, family temples and home shrines in the residential areas.
In Bali there is always somewhere a temple feast or religious ceremony. The highlight of the year is the big temple festival, the 'odalan', which is celebrated in every village to commemorate the foundation of the temple. When all parties to take place is calculated based on the Balinese calendar, which is based on het'wuku- or lunar year.
The most 'spectacular' ceremony to see the cremation or ngaben. This event makes a cheerful impression, and that is because the one who is often cremated deceased for months or years ago. By burning the soul of the deceased is released and can be reached heaven.
The size of the corpse towers depends on the cabinet and the wealth of the deceased. The tower represents the cosmos. The base has the shape of a turtle, wound by two hoses. Moreover, a platform created where the body is placed on, and is thus between heaven and earth. For Brahmins apply different rules. They will be cremated as soon as possible after death and are laid out in a bar that has the shape of a 'padmasana or lotus seat.
The differences with India are striking. In India it simple ceremonies, on the other hand they are surrounded with much ceremony in Bali.
The Tenggerezen life around the Tengger mountains in East Java. This isolated community called their faith "agama buddha", a mixture of ancestor worship and Hindu-Buddhist elements.
BUDDHISM
The pure Buddhism does in Indonesia but few adherents. In Banjar, Bali, is the Brahmawihara Arama, a Buddhist monastery and meditation center inhabited by some Balinese Buddhist monks.
A revival of Buddhism experienced a resurgence in the thirties of the 20th century. When Europeans disappeared after independence, the Indonesian Buddhism was an almost exclusively Chinese affair.
In the Borobudur architecture are also noticeable Persian, Babylonian and Greek influences, and therefore has little in common with other Buddhist temples in Southeast Asia.
The construction was made possible thanks to the Vajrayana sect of tantric school of Buddhism. The Saliendra princes left by farmers build between 778 and 850. Because the Sage Dras were placed in 856 overthrown, the building was quickly into disrepair. Partly as a result of the many volcanic eruptions hundreds of years, the monument situated under a layer of earth. In 1814 Borobudur was discovered by an English colonel and in 1855 the building was pretty laid back. Only in 1973 was begun with the restoration.
CHRISTIANITY
About 8% of the population belongs to Christianity, which only became widespread in the 19th century. In 1831 the Netherlands Missionary Society began Protestantism her mission work in 1846 began the Catholic Church. Christianity is concentrated in Indonesia in areas where Islam has never been able to penetrate some reason.
Flores, Southeast Maluku and West Kalimantan are important Catholic areas. Ambon and environs, Sumba, Tana Toraja, Minahasa and the Batak are strongholds of the Protestant churches. Missionary work was beyond strict Islamic regions such as Aceh, Minangkabau, Banten and Jambi held.
CHINESE RELIGIONS
The religion of many Chinese immigrants is a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism, and the "Three religions" or "Sam Chew Hwee 'mentioned, a name that was changed under the Indonesianiseringscampagne 1963 Tri Dharma, a term derived from Sanskrit. Tri dharma can be regarded as a form of Chinese syncretisme. Buddhism and Confucianism in China was mainly a matter of social and religious upper class, while Taoism the experiences of ordinary people controlled. As Chinese migrants were mostly of simple peasant origins, they brought along to the Indonesian archipelago this popular belief. Except house temples the gods and ancestors are also in larger Chinese temples or Klenteng 'honored.
In the coastal areas of West Kalimantan and North Java is the greatest supporters.
The significance of traditional religions, despite the small number of official supporters not negligible. Many Indonesians continue to appreciate elements from the old popular belief, even after they have joined one of the "great" religions. Between the original religions are major differences, they all have had their own historical development.
A common element is the animism, the belief that nature and may be animated objects made by humans. Especially old trees, mountains, caves and sources according to popular belief beloved residences of spirits. Sometimes it's true nature spirits, but a deity or the spirits of the dead may also houses there.
The belief in an animated nature enters most of the original Indonesian religions hand in hand with ancestor worship, another common element. Generally dominated practice the belief that spirits of deceased people affected earthly existence. The soul of a deceased person should be surrounded with great care. During rituals, shamans provide the contact between ordinary people and the world of spirits. These and other rituals are the cement of traditional society.
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