Rahim Tabet | Februari 11, 2016 |
Egypt
Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period
Four thousand years before the beginning of our era people lived there along the Nile. Over time, he created many small farming states, each with its own leader. Then the many states were merged into two states, one north of the delta and a southern state in the valley between the current Cairo and Aswan.
Around 2900 BC. were North and South Egypt by Menes united, and he also became the first pharaoh. Memphis became the capital of his empire.
With the 3rd dynasty began the Old Kingdom (ca. 2650-2140 BC.), A period of great prosperity and peace in Egypt. Around 2300 BC., During the 6th dynasty, weakened the power of the pharaohs that noble directors of the shires power attracted to him. Also, with the hostile nations from the south and east threatened Egypt.
The First Intermediate Period (ca. 2140-2040 BC.) Was a period of economic hardship and political instability. There was famine and anarchy, and in the south arose again many small states. Around 2100 BC. Mentuhotep I restored the order and unity in the empire. In this period reigned over one hundred pharaohs of the 7th to 10th dynasty.
Middle Kingdom, Second Intermediate Period and New Kingdom.
Middle Kingdom lasted from 2040-1650 BC. At the time of the 12th Dynasty there was peace in the Egyptian empire and were magnificent monuments and impressive tombs built. Too much of Nubia was conquered. Invasions of the Hyksos made around 1650 BC. an end to the Middle Kingdom, after the Second Intermediate Period followed. The domination of the Hyksos took about a hundred years, and it worked Ahmose of Thebes to the Hyksos around 1550 BC. to expel. He was the founder of the 18th dynasty, and he caught the New Kingdom to that of 1551 to 1070 BC. lasted. Under the pharaohs of this dynasty (among others Hatsjeptoet, Tutankhamun, Akhenaten, and Ramesses II) Egypt grew into an empire with its capital in Thebes. Under Thutmose I and especially among Thutmose III of Egypt reached its greatest extent.
Third Intermediate Period and Late Period
After 1100 BC. There the power of Egypt came to an end by internal problems and invasions of foreign nations. In the Third Intermediate Period (1075-715 BC). Egypt became even divided into many small principalities, which govern the priest-kings.
Egypt was in 525 BC in the Late Period (715-332 BC.). conquered by the Persians. In 332 BC. Alexander the Great conquered Egypt and the Persians retreated: at that time Egypt was part of the Hellenistic world.
After Alexander followed the Ptolemies, of Alexandria made the cultural and economic center of the country. All male pharaohs in this time called Ptolemy and all female Cleopatra. Cleopatra VII, among other mistress of the Roman emperor Julius Caesar, the last of the Ptolemies would be on the Egyptian throne.
Roman colony, Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid
In 30 BC. Egypt was by Emperor Augustus as an imperial province was annexed by the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire. Economic Egypt did not improve in Roman times. Very high taxes imposed on the people of the country as "granary of Rome" had to deliver large amounts of grain to Rome. The Byzantine tender for Egypt to major reforms at the time of Emperor Diocletian in the field of, inter alia, the political organization, the economy and the monetary system. Despite these reforms, however, this period was clearly a decline. The population was divided into a small group of powerful landowners and the enormous mass, especially farmers.
In the first half of the 7th century, Islam became a world power, and Egypt was soon recruited by the world power and a Muslim country. In 641 AD. Egypt was occupied by Amr Ibn al-As behalf of Caliph Omar and the new capital Fustat. In 661 came through one of the successors of Omar, the dynasty of the Umayyads in power, who ruled their empire from Damascus.
The Christian Coptic culture that prevailed in Egypt, was gradually replaced by the Muslim culture. Arabic was the official language and the legislation was Islamic. The tax burden on Christians became increasingly staged, which passed many of Islam. Coptic Christians met regularly in revolt, but had little success. In 750 the Umayyads were driven by the Abbasid dynasty, which ruled their vast empire from Baghdad. One of the Abassidische governors, Ahmed Ibn Tulun, made Egypt an independent country for a short time (dynasty Tulunids, 870-905). Successors Ahmed did not manage to keep the Abbasid out the door and restored to 905 the power of Baghdad was in Egypt.
Egypt was then attacked by the Byzantines and by the Shiite Fatimid, another Islamic power. Initially managed to keep the Fatimids of the body, but in 968 they conquered Egypt yet.
Under the reign of the Fatimids (969-1171) the city of Al-Qahira ( "The Victorious" later Cairo) became increasingly important. Under Caliph Abu Mansur al-Aziz (975-996), the Fatimids reached their greatest flowering and ruled over all of North Africa, Syria and Sicily.
In the years 1062-1075 Egypt experienced by internal strife and by not washing the Nile, a deep economic decline, including great treasures of literature and art were lost. Thereafter, the authority was in the hands of several powerful viziers.
Crusaders, Ayyoebiden, Mamluks and Ottomans
The arrival of the Crusaders at the end of the 11th century was going to change everything, especially when the Crusaders attacked Jerusalem. Egypt was also attacked, but successfully defended by the Turks Seldjoekische. In 1169 the Seljuks were even briefly to power by Salah al-Din (Saladin), which was a new dynasty founder, Sunni Ayyoebiden (1171-1250). Saladin was known for his victories over the Crusaders. In 1250 came the Turkish Mamluks to power, originally they were slaves in the army of Salah al-Din (Mameluk is Arabic for slave). The Mamluks did in the 13th century to keep aggressive nomadic tribes from Asia outside Egypt, including the Mongols, which in 1260 were defeated by Baybars, who then proclaimed sultan. There now followed a period of stability and prosperity, but in the 14th century came another period of crisis by opposing Mamluks. In the 15th century followed another period of recovery.
In 1517 it was by Ottoman Turks (Selim I) put an end to the reign of the Mamluks. However, they were allowed to keep the government of Egypt, which was not smart, because the Mamluks knew more and get more power to him. By the constant infighting of the Mamluks of Egypt entered a dark period right with economic hardship, famine and epidemics. They could, however, easily maintained by the weakening of the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century.
Muhammad Ali, Abbas I and English domination
Even Napoleon, who occupied Egypt in 1801 until 1798, the Mamluks did not have even been expelled under the thumb and the French by an alliance between the Turks and the British. The Mamluks tried soon to take power in Egypt, but were finally defeated in 1811 by Mohammed Ali (1805-1849). He was the founder of the last dynasty and the founder of modern Egypt. In 1805 he was authorized by the Turks to pasha (governor) declared of Egypt. The power, however, rose to his head and he tried in 1840 along with his son to drive the Sultan of Turkey. This attempt was prevented by the major powers.
Muhammad Ali was succeeded by his grandson Abbas Hilmi I (1849-1854), which many modern reforms of his grandfather undid. After the assassination of Abbas Said Pasha (1854-1863) governor of Egypt, and under his reign the railway Cairo-Alexandria was built and stood at the base of the construction of the Suez Canal. In 1867, the successor of Said Pasha, Ismail Pasha, the title of Viceroy (Khedive) assumed.
At the request of the Western powers, he was deposed by the Sultan in Constantinople in 1879 and succeeded by his son Tawfiq Mohammed (1879-1892). Because Egypt was in fact ruled by foreigners and was suffering heavy financial burden, a nationalist uprising followed under the guidance of Orabi Pasha. After a massacre of a group of Europeans Alexandria was bombed and the British occupation of Egypt was born. The British pulled on September 15, 1882 in Cairo and Egypt was in fact a British protectorate. Tawfiq died in 1892 and was succeeded by his son Abbas Hilmi II.
Abbas II was not really an enemy of the British, but the national movement would cost what it costs to govern the country. In 1911 took Lord Horatio Herbert Kitchener, who had reconquered the Sudan in 1898, across the board. In 1913, Egypt received a parliament with fairly extensive legislative powers and a new electoral system.
Egypt is a kingdom
When Turkey during World War I sided with the Central Powers, Egypt on December 18, 1914 was officially proclaimed to British protectorate, and the power rested with the British High Commissioner. After the war, knew the then High Commissioner, General Allenby, to move the government in London to a unilateral lifting of the Protectorate (February 22, 1922). The new leader of Egypt, Ahmed Faoed and the new leader of the nationalist opposition was Sa'd Zaghloel Pasha. Fouad took the title of king and Egypt became a parliamentary monarchy. Zaghloel founded a new nationalist party, the Wafd. In 1935, the first free elections were held and produced a Wafd majority; the new Wafd leader, Nahas Pasha, formed in May 1936 an all party members assembled cabinet.
In 1936, Farouk became the new king (1936-1952), he followed his father died. The first step he took was sending people from Nahas, and the country was ruled by so-called "palace coalitions. England was closely associated with Egypt: the British army remained near the Suez Canal and could take care of the defense of Egypt. That was good, because in 1942 the Italian and German armies were at al-Alamayn (El Alamein) records, and that meant a turning point in World War II. Returned Nahas in the war was again dismissed by Farouk in October 1944.
Founded on March 22, 1945 Egypt, Lebanon, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Transjordan Arab League on the occasion of the increasing migration of Jews to Palestine, which was then under British mandate. The League wanted to support the Arab population of Palestine to the Zionists and fight the last remnants of the British imperial position in the Middle East.
The end of 1947 was divided Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab section, while Jerusalem was an international enclave. The British left Palestine on May 14, 1948 and was proclaimed the sovereign state of Israel by the Jewish National Council. This was for the neighboring Arab countries, including Egypt, the signal to attack Israel. But by disagreement and lack of army failed attack completely.
Nahas and Naguib: Egypt is a republic
In 1950, the Wafd party won a majority in elections. Prime Minister Nahas turned them against Farouk and England. Saturday, January 26 1952 would be known as 'Black Saturday'. A popular uprising threatened to which Farouk Prime Minister Nahas fired. He also sent Parliament home and announced the state of emergency on. Some time later, Farouk refused to appoint Naguib Minister of War, and on July 23, 1952 twelve young officers led by Naguib staged a coup. On July 26 1952 Farouk left Egypt to live in exile.
After the coup, the Revolutionary Council actually wanted a civilian government, but senior military led by Naguib quickly took over power. He appointed former Prime Minister Maher again as prime minister. On June 18, 1953, the republic was proclaimed, with Naguib as president and he remained prime minister. The high military Gamal Abd al-Nasser became deputy prime minister and interior minister. In 1954, Naguib was pushed by Nasser and some officers aside. Nasser became prime minister and chairman of the Revolutionary Council.
Nasser period and Suez Crisis
In the same year, Nasser was able to reach the British left the area around the Suez Canal. In 1956 Nasser became president of the republic and early support to the Soviet bloc for arms supplies. America Nasser offended by refusing funds for the construction of the Aswan dam. On July 26 1956 Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal on. Israeli ships were not allowed to sail through the canal and then withdrew the Israeli army on October 29, 1956 in Egypt. The war lasted only six days and the blockade was lifted by the Israeli army led by Moshe Dayan.
France and Britain sent troops to the Suez Canal but were ordered by the United Nations to leave Egypt. France and Britain gave this result and also Israel departed from Egypt, after assurances that a United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) stationed would be to the Egyptian-Israeli border. After the humiliating military defeat Nasser so could politically or get a big win.
The West, he left from that time left and he focused entirely on the Soviet Union, which reorganized the Egyptian army and financed the construction of the Aswan dam.
On February 5, 1958, the VAR was founded, the United Arab Republic, which included Egypt, Syria and Yemen. Nasser knew his grip on political life in the VAR continue to strengthen more, and among the Syrian bourgeoisie and soldiers arose great dissatisfaction with the Egyptian central government, especially after Nasser in June 1961 had nationalized most major Syrian companies.
The partnership therefore did not last long and some Syrian officers staged a coup on 28 September and Syria seceded from the VAR.
In June 1962 a new system of government was introduced with the Arab Socialist Union (ASU) as the sole political party. Nasser knew his position as principal leader of the Arab world to strengthen the following years constantly, but his government was in this period of serious economic crisis.
At that time there was a certain rapprochement between Egypt and Syria, and in November a defense treaty between the two countries was signed.
Six Day War
In the spring of 1967, Nasser got it done the Secretary-General U Thant of the United Nations withdrew the UN peacekeeping force of the Israeli-Egyptian border. The Palestinian Liberation Army took the place of the UN peacekeeping force. Israel lost this protection are shipping to the Israeli port of Eilat. Namely Nasser closed the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli ships off Israel and thus drove to the extreme.
Israel threatened military action, but Nasser sent a series of provocations at the border clearly a confrontation. On June 5, 1967 the so-called Six Day War began. The Egyptian army and the Palestinian Liberation Army were run in a short time under the foot, another major defeat for President Nasser.
Nasser initially made his resignation known, but the people and the parliament asked him to stay urgently. A week after the humiliating defeat Nasser next president was also prime minister and party leader.
After the war with Israel had major changes in the Egyptian army command instead. However, a military coup against Nasser was foiled. The following years were repeatedly student strikes and -opstanden, especially against the often half-hearted attitude of the Egyptian government regarding the conflict with Israel and a lack of democracy in the universities.
Nasser's death, Sadat succeeded him
The period after 1967 was characterized by an uneasy cease with Israel and a dangerous domestic situation. Big problems like overpopulation, poverty among the population and the most vulnerable Arab unity were still in there. Economic Egypt came in heavy weather due to the closure of the Suez Canal. Positive was that the United Nations adopted a resolution which stated that Israel had to withdraw from the occupied territories.
Meanwhile, Nasser became increasingly dependent on the Soviet Union by supplying weapons, food and medicine.
In 1968 there followed a series of border disputes with Israel, and an offer from Israel to reach an agreement on mutually recognized borders was ignored by Egypt.
On September 28, 1970 President Nasser died of a heart attack.
After the death of Nasser's vice president Anwar al-Sadat was elected president. In May 1971 large-scale purges were held under Sadat's political opponents, one of whom was sentenced some to death.
It was he who ended in 1972 with the presence of Russian troops in Egypt. Moreover, the cooperation between the two countries went on as usual, and civilian advisers were allowed to continue their work. On October 6, 1973 began the Arab-Israeli war with Egypt attacks in Sinai and Syria on the Golan Heights. Egypt was in this war militarily backed by the Soviet Union and the Arab states, Israel, the United States. On October 23, accepted a cease-fire by the warring parties without there was to designate a clear winner. In March Egypt regained control of both banks of the Suez Canal.
After the war, Egypt was a lot of money from the Arab oil states to help the economy back on its feet and to repay the debt to the Soviets. Gradually it became clear that Sadat increasingly focused on the United States and Western Europe. This resulted in March 1976 until the termination of the friendship and cooperation with the Soviets in 1971, and for example arms supplies from the United States.
Peace with Israel
In 1973 a committed union between Egypt and Libya of Gaddafi at the last minute not by the hands of the Egyptians. Because of this deteriorated relationship with the neighboring country and in July 1977 broke a brief border war between the two countries.
In November 1977, Sadat paid a surprise visit to Israel and even made a speech to the Israeli parliament, to the fury of the other Arab countries and the Palestinians. In late December of that year, Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Begin together in the Egyptian city of Ismailiya and conducted talks would continue later at the peace talks at Camp David and Washington, led by US President Carter.
In March 1979, after difficult negotiations, peace with Israel, and many Arab states broke their ties with Egypt. In 1981 Sadat took matters well in hand. He ordered the arrest of hundreds of opponents of his regime, acted strictly against fundamentalists, and do hundreds of Russians out of the country because of espionage. This probably cost him his life, because he was on October 6, 1981 slain during a military parade in Cairo by soldiers who cooperated with the fundamentalists.
Mubarak period
Sadat was succeeded by Vice President Muhammad Hosni Mubarak, and he promised to continue the policies of Sadat. This makes Egypt remained isolated in the Arab world and the relationship with Israel worsened by Israel's actions in Lebanon. But the under Sadat began cautious democratization of political life continued under Mubarak. In 1978, the National Democratic Party was founded as a successor to the ASU and were in the right and left side allowed new political parties. The parliamentary elections of 1984 and 1987 brought among other nasseristen, liberals, Muslim Brothers and the re-Wafd party in the Assembly, but the NDP Mubarak maintained a large absolute majority. In his foreign policy, Mubarak maintained relations with the United States and Israel, already chilled relations with Israel significantly by the Lebanon war of 1982. In December 1983 visited PLO leader Arafat Cairo, Jordan rebounded in 1984 bonds and in connection with the First Gulf War also followed Iraq and the Arab Gulf states. Mubarak also managed to improve relations with Moscow.
Mid-eighties, the economic situation worsened by the decline in oil prices. A revolt by the security police in cities such as Cairo and Giza also led to many domestic unrest.
Extremist violence in Egypt ensured that Mubarak acted tough against the Muslim fundamentalists. For the time being this did not help much because in shootings in 1990 attacked dozens of deaths and the speaker of parliament, Rifaat al-Maghoeb, was killed. There were also several attacks on tourists killed, making the economy much damage was caused.
After the Conference of Amman in November improved the relationship between Egypt and the other Arab countries. In March 1989 visited Saudi King Fahd Egypt and that meant that Egypt again was fully accepted by the other Arab countries. Only the relationship with Iraq was a very significant dent when during the Gulf crisis Egypt openly took a stand against Saddam Hussein and many thousands of soldiers sent to Saudi Arabia. In 1993 to Egypt was a rise in anti-government violence targeted by Muslim fundamentalists.
In 1993, Mubarak was elected for a third term with nearly 100% of the votes.
Again he tied the struggle against the fundamentalists, after which followed an attack on him in 1995 during a visit to the meeting of the Organization of African Unity (OAS) in the Ethiopian Addis Ababa. The parliamentary elections in late November 1995, which were accompanied by much violence and fraud, delivered a great victory for the ruling National Democratic Party.
In November 1997 followed by a new bloody attack (58 dead tourists) in Luxor, again tourism collapsed completely in.
In 1999, Mubarak initially refused to go for a fourth term as president, but ultimately stood still for re-election. Now he was again re-elected by an overwhelming majority of 94%.
21st century
In the parliamentary elections of November 14, 2000, the NDP won 388 of the 454 seats. Striking was that of the 388 seats, 175 really belonged to NDP candidates. The rest consisted of candidates who have joined the NDP after the election. The big difference is that the parliament as independents do not always have to stand behind the government's position.
Striking was the fact that the 'Muslim Brotherhood' won 17 seats, and thus became the largest opposition party.
In October 2004 President Mubarak installed a new cabinet which has since made some far-reaching economic reforms. On the political reforms for a long time had less to the body. Two weeks ago, the President announced that the Constitution (Article 76) will be amended to allow for presidential elections with multiple candidates. Recently, the President presented new legislative changes make it easier for political parties to organize and register. He also made proposals to extend the powers of parliament.
speculation constantly violently over the succession of President Mubarak. During his unexpected shot in a Berlin hospital in the summer of 2004, the head of the rumors storm arose again. Mubarak denied speculation that he could cram his son for the presidency. The president has refused to appoint a vice president. The vice president, a currently nonexistent figure in the Egyptian political system would in the case of - temporary - inability to govern, can perceive c.q. succeed the president. Most recently it was announced that it currently takes seriously consider the appointment of a vice president. It has set up a committee of inquiry into the new responsibilities of the vice president.
In late November parliamentary elections were held in early December 2005. For the first time could be conducted openly debate was defeated by the media. The opposition, including members of the banned but tolerated Muslim Brotherhood, were given more freedom to campaign.
Also did new parties, such as Al-Ghad, participated in the elections. The ruling party National Democratic Party of Mubarak got 331 seats of the 444 available, while the Muslim Brotherhood managed to win 88 seats. The secular opposition has gained little influence with eleven seats. In June 2007, the National Democratic Party wins the elections again. In April 2008, 25 leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood condemned to prison sentences. In March 2009, Egypt will host talks between the rival Palestinian political parties Hamas and Fatah. In February 2010 Mohammed ElBaradei returns the former chief nuclear field at the UN back to Egypt. He wants to form a coalition for political change and participate in the elections planned for 2011.
In January 2011, there have been violent protests against the regime of President Hosni Mubarak. It seems the result of a wave of democratization in the Arab world began in Tunisia. There are certainly more than 100 people were killed. On February 11, 2011 Mubarak announced his resignation. Mohammed Morsi of the Muslim Brotherhood is the new president, but has dropped again. The situation in 2013 very restless. Egyptians vote in January 2014 by referendum for a new constitution. In May 2014, the former army chief Abdul Fattah al-Sisi wins the presidential election.
Four thousand years before the beginning of our era people lived there along the Nile. Over time, he created many small farming states, each with its own leader. Then the many states were merged into two states, one north of the delta and a southern state in the valley between the current Cairo and Aswan.
With the 3rd dynasty began the Old Kingdom (ca. 2650-2140 BC.), A period of great prosperity and peace in Egypt. Around 2300 BC., During the 6th dynasty, weakened the power of the pharaohs that noble directors of the shires power attracted to him. Also, with the hostile nations from the south and east threatened Egypt.
The First Intermediate Period (ca. 2140-2040 BC.) Was a period of economic hardship and political instability. There was famine and anarchy, and in the south arose again many small states. Around 2100 BC. Mentuhotep I restored the order and unity in the empire. In this period reigned over one hundred pharaohs of the 7th to 10th dynasty.
Middle Kingdom lasted from 2040-1650 BC. At the time of the 12th Dynasty there was peace in the Egyptian empire and were magnificent monuments and impressive tombs built. Too much of Nubia was conquered. Invasions of the Hyksos made around 1650 BC. an end to the Middle Kingdom, after the Second Intermediate Period followed. The domination of the Hyksos took about a hundred years, and it worked Ahmose of Thebes to the Hyksos around 1550 BC. to expel. He was the founder of the 18th dynasty, and he caught the New Kingdom to that of 1551 to 1070 BC. lasted. Under the pharaohs of this dynasty (among others Hatsjeptoet, Tutankhamun, Akhenaten, and Ramesses II) Egypt grew into an empire with its capital in Thebes. Under Thutmose I and especially among Thutmose III of Egypt reached its greatest extent.
Third Intermediate Period and Late Period
After 1100 BC. There the power of Egypt came to an end by internal problems and invasions of foreign nations. In the Third Intermediate Period (1075-715 BC). Egypt became even divided into many small principalities, which govern the priest-kings.
Egypt was in 525 BC in the Late Period (715-332 BC.). conquered by the Persians. In 332 BC. Alexander the Great conquered Egypt and the Persians retreated: at that time Egypt was part of the Hellenistic world.
After Alexander followed the Ptolemies, of Alexandria made the cultural and economic center of the country. All male pharaohs in this time called Ptolemy and all female Cleopatra. Cleopatra VII, among other mistress of the Roman emperor Julius Caesar, the last of the Ptolemies would be on the Egyptian throne.
In 30 BC. Egypt was by Emperor Augustus as an imperial province was annexed by the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire. Economic Egypt did not improve in Roman times. Very high taxes imposed on the people of the country as "granary of Rome" had to deliver large amounts of grain to Rome. The Byzantine tender for Egypt to major reforms at the time of Emperor Diocletian in the field of, inter alia, the political organization, the economy and the monetary system. Despite these reforms, however, this period was clearly a decline. The population was divided into a small group of powerful landowners and the enormous mass, especially farmers.
In the first half of the 7th century, Islam became a world power, and Egypt was soon recruited by the world power and a Muslim country. In 641 AD. Egypt was occupied by Amr Ibn al-As behalf of Caliph Omar and the new capital Fustat. In 661 came through one of the successors of Omar, the dynasty of the Umayyads in power, who ruled their empire from Damascus.
The Christian Coptic culture that prevailed in Egypt, was gradually replaced by the Muslim culture. Arabic was the official language and the legislation was Islamic. The tax burden on Christians became increasingly staged, which passed many of Islam. Coptic Christians met regularly in revolt, but had little success. In 750 the Umayyads were driven by the Abbasid dynasty, which ruled their vast empire from Baghdad. One of the Abassidische governors, Ahmed Ibn Tulun, made Egypt an independent country for a short time (dynasty Tulunids, 870-905). Successors Ahmed did not manage to keep the Abbasid out the door and restored to 905 the power of Baghdad was in Egypt.
Egypt was then attacked by the Byzantines and by the Shiite Fatimid, another Islamic power. Initially managed to keep the Fatimids of the body, but in 968 they conquered Egypt yet.
Under the reign of the Fatimids (969-1171) the city of Al-Qahira ( "The Victorious" later Cairo) became increasingly important. Under Caliph Abu Mansur al-Aziz (975-996), the Fatimids reached their greatest flowering and ruled over all of North Africa, Syria and Sicily.
In the years 1062-1075 Egypt experienced by internal strife and by not washing the Nile, a deep economic decline, including great treasures of literature and art were lost. Thereafter, the authority was in the hands of several powerful viziers.
The arrival of the Crusaders at the end of the 11th century was going to change everything, especially when the Crusaders attacked Jerusalem. Egypt was also attacked, but successfully defended by the Turks Seldjoekische. In 1169 the Seljuks were even briefly to power by Salah al-Din (Saladin), which was a new dynasty founder, Sunni Ayyoebiden (1171-1250). Saladin was known for his victories over the Crusaders. In 1250 came the Turkish Mamluks to power, originally they were slaves in the army of Salah al-Din (Mameluk is Arabic for slave). The Mamluks did in the 13th century to keep aggressive nomadic tribes from Asia outside Egypt, including the Mongols, which in 1260 were defeated by Baybars, who then proclaimed sultan. There now followed a period of stability and prosperity, but in the 14th century came another period of crisis by opposing Mamluks. In the 15th century followed another period of recovery.
In 1517 it was by Ottoman Turks (Selim I) put an end to the reign of the Mamluks. However, they were allowed to keep the government of Egypt, which was not smart, because the Mamluks knew more and get more power to him. By the constant infighting of the Mamluks of Egypt entered a dark period right with economic hardship, famine and epidemics. They could, however, easily maintained by the weakening of the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century.
Even Napoleon, who occupied Egypt in 1801 until 1798, the Mamluks did not have even been expelled under the thumb and the French by an alliance between the Turks and the British. The Mamluks tried soon to take power in Egypt, but were finally defeated in 1811 by Mohammed Ali (1805-1849). He was the founder of the last dynasty and the founder of modern Egypt. In 1805 he was authorized by the Turks to pasha (governor) declared of Egypt. The power, however, rose to his head and he tried in 1840 along with his son to drive the Sultan of Turkey. This attempt was prevented by the major powers.
Muhammad Ali was succeeded by his grandson Abbas Hilmi I (1849-1854), which many modern reforms of his grandfather undid. After the assassination of Abbas Said Pasha (1854-1863) governor of Egypt, and under his reign the railway Cairo-Alexandria was built and stood at the base of the construction of the Suez Canal. In 1867, the successor of Said Pasha, Ismail Pasha, the title of Viceroy (Khedive) assumed.
At the request of the Western powers, he was deposed by the Sultan in Constantinople in 1879 and succeeded by his son Tawfiq Mohammed (1879-1892). Because Egypt was in fact ruled by foreigners and was suffering heavy financial burden, a nationalist uprising followed under the guidance of Orabi Pasha. After a massacre of a group of Europeans Alexandria was bombed and the British occupation of Egypt was born. The British pulled on September 15, 1882 in Cairo and Egypt was in fact a British protectorate. Tawfiq died in 1892 and was succeeded by his son Abbas Hilmi II.
Abbas II was not really an enemy of the British, but the national movement would cost what it costs to govern the country. In 1911 took Lord Horatio Herbert Kitchener, who had reconquered the Sudan in 1898, across the board. In 1913, Egypt received a parliament with fairly extensive legislative powers and a new electoral system.
When Turkey during World War I sided with the Central Powers, Egypt on December 18, 1914 was officially proclaimed to British protectorate, and the power rested with the British High Commissioner. After the war, knew the then High Commissioner, General Allenby, to move the government in London to a unilateral lifting of the Protectorate (February 22, 1922). The new leader of Egypt, Ahmed Faoed and the new leader of the nationalist opposition was Sa'd Zaghloel Pasha. Fouad took the title of king and Egypt became a parliamentary monarchy. Zaghloel founded a new nationalist party, the Wafd. In 1935, the first free elections were held and produced a Wafd majority; the new Wafd leader, Nahas Pasha, formed in May 1936 an all party members assembled cabinet.
In 1936, Farouk became the new king (1936-1952), he followed his father died. The first step he took was sending people from Nahas, and the country was ruled by so-called "palace coalitions. England was closely associated with Egypt: the British army remained near the Suez Canal and could take care of the defense of Egypt. That was good, because in 1942 the Italian and German armies were at al-Alamayn (El Alamein) records, and that meant a turning point in World War II. Returned Nahas in the war was again dismissed by Farouk in October 1944.
Founded on March 22, 1945 Egypt, Lebanon, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Transjordan Arab League on the occasion of the increasing migration of Jews to Palestine, which was then under British mandate. The League wanted to support the Arab population of Palestine to the Zionists and fight the last remnants of the British imperial position in the Middle East.
The end of 1947 was divided Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab section, while Jerusalem was an international enclave. The British left Palestine on May 14, 1948 and was proclaimed the sovereign state of Israel by the Jewish National Council. This was for the neighboring Arab countries, including Egypt, the signal to attack Israel. But by disagreement and lack of army failed attack completely.
In 1950, the Wafd party won a majority in elections. Prime Minister Nahas turned them against Farouk and England. Saturday, January 26 1952 would be known as 'Black Saturday'. A popular uprising threatened to which Farouk Prime Minister Nahas fired. He also sent Parliament home and announced the state of emergency on. Some time later, Farouk refused to appoint Naguib Minister of War, and on July 23, 1952 twelve young officers led by Naguib staged a coup. On July 26 1952 Farouk left Egypt to live in exile.
After the coup, the Revolutionary Council actually wanted a civilian government, but senior military led by Naguib quickly took over power. He appointed former Prime Minister Maher again as prime minister. On June 18, 1953, the republic was proclaimed, with Naguib as president and he remained prime minister. The high military Gamal Abd al-Nasser became deputy prime minister and interior minister. In 1954, Naguib was pushed by Nasser and some officers aside. Nasser became prime minister and chairman of the Revolutionary Council.
Nasser period and Suez Crisis
In the same year, Nasser was able to reach the British left the area around the Suez Canal. In 1956 Nasser became president of the republic and early support to the Soviet bloc for arms supplies. America Nasser offended by refusing funds for the construction of the Aswan dam. On July 26 1956 Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal on. Israeli ships were not allowed to sail through the canal and then withdrew the Israeli army on October 29, 1956 in Egypt. The war lasted only six days and the blockade was lifted by the Israeli army led by Moshe Dayan.
The West, he left from that time left and he focused entirely on the Soviet Union, which reorganized the Egyptian army and financed the construction of the Aswan dam.
On February 5, 1958, the VAR was founded, the United Arab Republic, which included Egypt, Syria and Yemen. Nasser knew his grip on political life in the VAR continue to strengthen more, and among the Syrian bourgeoisie and soldiers arose great dissatisfaction with the Egyptian central government, especially after Nasser in June 1961 had nationalized most major Syrian companies.
The partnership therefore did not last long and some Syrian officers staged a coup on 28 September and Syria seceded from the VAR.
In June 1962 a new system of government was introduced with the Arab Socialist Union (ASU) as the sole political party. Nasser knew his position as principal leader of the Arab world to strengthen the following years constantly, but his government was in this period of serious economic crisis.
At that time there was a certain rapprochement between Egypt and Syria, and in November a defense treaty between the two countries was signed.
Six Day War
In the spring of 1967, Nasser got it done the Secretary-General U Thant of the United Nations withdrew the UN peacekeeping force of the Israeli-Egyptian border. The Palestinian Liberation Army took the place of the UN peacekeeping force. Israel lost this protection are shipping to the Israeli port of Eilat. Namely Nasser closed the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli ships off Israel and thus drove to the extreme.
Nasser initially made his resignation known, but the people and the parliament asked him to stay urgently. A week after the humiliating defeat Nasser next president was also prime minister and party leader.
After the war with Israel had major changes in the Egyptian army command instead. However, a military coup against Nasser was foiled. The following years were repeatedly student strikes and -opstanden, especially against the often half-hearted attitude of the Egyptian government regarding the conflict with Israel and a lack of democracy in the universities.
The period after 1967 was characterized by an uneasy cease with Israel and a dangerous domestic situation. Big problems like overpopulation, poverty among the population and the most vulnerable Arab unity were still in there. Economic Egypt came in heavy weather due to the closure of the Suez Canal. Positive was that the United Nations adopted a resolution which stated that Israel had to withdraw from the occupied territories.
Meanwhile, Nasser became increasingly dependent on the Soviet Union by supplying weapons, food and medicine.
In 1968 there followed a series of border disputes with Israel, and an offer from Israel to reach an agreement on mutually recognized borders was ignored by Egypt.
On September 28, 1970 President Nasser died of a heart attack.
After the death of Nasser's vice president Anwar al-Sadat was elected president. In May 1971 large-scale purges were held under Sadat's political opponents, one of whom was sentenced some to death.
It was he who ended in 1972 with the presence of Russian troops in Egypt. Moreover, the cooperation between the two countries went on as usual, and civilian advisers were allowed to continue their work. On October 6, 1973 began the Arab-Israeli war with Egypt attacks in Sinai and Syria on the Golan Heights. Egypt was in this war militarily backed by the Soviet Union and the Arab states, Israel, the United States. On October 23, accepted a cease-fire by the warring parties without there was to designate a clear winner. In March Egypt regained control of both banks of the Suez Canal.
After the war, Egypt was a lot of money from the Arab oil states to help the economy back on its feet and to repay the debt to the Soviets. Gradually it became clear that Sadat increasingly focused on the United States and Western Europe. This resulted in March 1976 until the termination of the friendship and cooperation with the Soviets in 1971, and for example arms supplies from the United States.
Peace with Israel
In 1973 a committed union between Egypt and Libya of Gaddafi at the last minute not by the hands of the Egyptians. Because of this deteriorated relationship with the neighboring country and in July 1977 broke a brief border war between the two countries.
In March 1979, after difficult negotiations, peace with Israel, and many Arab states broke their ties with Egypt. In 1981 Sadat took matters well in hand. He ordered the arrest of hundreds of opponents of his regime, acted strictly against fundamentalists, and do hundreds of Russians out of the country because of espionage. This probably cost him his life, because he was on October 6, 1981 slain during a military parade in Cairo by soldiers who cooperated with the fundamentalists.
Sadat was succeeded by Vice President Muhammad Hosni Mubarak, and he promised to continue the policies of Sadat. This makes Egypt remained isolated in the Arab world and the relationship with Israel worsened by Israel's actions in Lebanon. But the under Sadat began cautious democratization of political life continued under Mubarak. In 1978, the National Democratic Party was founded as a successor to the ASU and were in the right and left side allowed new political parties. The parliamentary elections of 1984 and 1987 brought among other nasseristen, liberals, Muslim Brothers and the re-Wafd party in the Assembly, but the NDP Mubarak maintained a large absolute majority. In his foreign policy, Mubarak maintained relations with the United States and Israel, already chilled relations with Israel significantly by the Lebanon war of 1982. In December 1983 visited PLO leader Arafat Cairo, Jordan rebounded in 1984 bonds and in connection with the First Gulf War also followed Iraq and the Arab Gulf states. Mubarak also managed to improve relations with Moscow.
Mid-eighties, the economic situation worsened by the decline in oil prices. A revolt by the security police in cities such as Cairo and Giza also led to many domestic unrest.
Extremist violence in Egypt ensured that Mubarak acted tough against the Muslim fundamentalists. For the time being this did not help much because in shootings in 1990 attacked dozens of deaths and the speaker of parliament, Rifaat al-Maghoeb, was killed. There were also several attacks on tourists killed, making the economy much damage was caused.
After the Conference of Amman in November improved the relationship between Egypt and the other Arab countries. In March 1989 visited Saudi King Fahd Egypt and that meant that Egypt again was fully accepted by the other Arab countries. Only the relationship with Iraq was a very significant dent when during the Gulf crisis Egypt openly took a stand against Saddam Hussein and many thousands of soldiers sent to Saudi Arabia. In 1993 to Egypt was a rise in anti-government violence targeted by Muslim fundamentalists.
In 1993, Mubarak was elected for a third term with nearly 100% of the votes.
Again he tied the struggle against the fundamentalists, after which followed an attack on him in 1995 during a visit to the meeting of the Organization of African Unity (OAS) in the Ethiopian Addis Ababa. The parliamentary elections in late November 1995, which were accompanied by much violence and fraud, delivered a great victory for the ruling National Democratic Party.
In November 1997 followed by a new bloody attack (58 dead tourists) in Luxor, again tourism collapsed completely in.
In 1999, Mubarak initially refused to go for a fourth term as president, but ultimately stood still for re-election. Now he was again re-elected by an overwhelming majority of 94%.
In the parliamentary elections of November 14, 2000, the NDP won 388 of the 454 seats. Striking was that of the 388 seats, 175 really belonged to NDP candidates. The rest consisted of candidates who have joined the NDP after the election. The big difference is that the parliament as independents do not always have to stand behind the government's position.
Striking was the fact that the 'Muslim Brotherhood' won 17 seats, and thus became the largest opposition party.
In October 2004 President Mubarak installed a new cabinet which has since made some far-reaching economic reforms. On the political reforms for a long time had less to the body. Two weeks ago, the President announced that the Constitution (Article 76) will be amended to allow for presidential elections with multiple candidates. Recently, the President presented new legislative changes make it easier for political parties to organize and register. He also made proposals to extend the powers of parliament.
speculation constantly violently over the succession of President Mubarak. During his unexpected shot in a Berlin hospital in the summer of 2004, the head of the rumors storm arose again. Mubarak denied speculation that he could cram his son for the presidency. The president has refused to appoint a vice president. The vice president, a currently nonexistent figure in the Egyptian political system would in the case of - temporary - inability to govern, can perceive c.q. succeed the president. Most recently it was announced that it currently takes seriously consider the appointment of a vice president. It has set up a committee of inquiry into the new responsibilities of the vice president.
In late November parliamentary elections were held in early December 2005. For the first time could be conducted openly debate was defeated by the media. The opposition, including members of the banned but tolerated Muslim Brotherhood, were given more freedom to campaign.
Also did new parties, such as Al-Ghad, participated in the elections. The ruling party National Democratic Party of Mubarak got 331 seats of the 444 available, while the Muslim Brotherhood managed to win 88 seats. The secular opposition has gained little influence with eleven seats. In June 2007, the National Democratic Party wins the elections again. In April 2008, 25 leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood condemned to prison sentences. In March 2009, Egypt will host talks between the rival Palestinian political parties Hamas and Fatah. In February 2010 Mohammed ElBaradei returns the former chief nuclear field at the UN back to Egypt. He wants to form a coalition for political change and participate in the elections planned for 2011.
In January 2011, there have been violent protests against the regime of President Hosni Mubarak. It seems the result of a wave of democratization in the Arab world began in Tunisia. There are certainly more than 100 people were killed. On February 11, 2011 Mubarak announced his resignation. Mohammed Morsi of the Muslim Brotherhood is the new president, but has dropped again. The situation in 2013 very restless. Egyptians vote in January 2014 by referendum for a new constitution. In May 2014, the former army chief Abdul Fattah al-Sisi wins the presidential election.
0 komentar:
Posting Komentar