Rahim Tabet | Februari 11, 2016 |
Egypt
The official language in Egypt is Egyptian Arabic, which is spoken by about 98% of the population. Egyptian Arabic is actually a dialect of Modern Standard Arabic. Egyptian Arabic is the most important of all Arabic dialects, not only by the large number of Egyptians, but also because the country is the main producer of film, radio and television programs in the Arab world.
The transcription of the Arabic script to the Roman alphabet is not easy, and one can also come across different spellings for the same word.
Arabic
The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters and is written from right to left; Arabic numerals, however, be written from left to right.
Besides this language come Nubian, Coptic and the Berbers (Siwa) still on.
The Coptic language has its origins in Greek and Egyptian hieroglyphs. The Coptic language is still used in religious ceremonies. The Coptic name was only created after the Arab conquest. The Greeks called the country Aiguptos and residents Aigupti. By Arabs, this was corrupted to Gupti which Copts is derived. Coptic literally means so much as' native Egyptian.
The language of the Nubians has nothing to do with Arabic. Ethnological seen to divide the Nubian spoken in Fiadidja-Mahas and the Kenuzi-Dongola.
The Fiadidje-Mahas spoken in Sudan, although one more than 50% of the Nubians in Egypt until the Fiadidja. In Egypt, the language spoken by all Nubians who live south of Kunuz. Fadidja and Mahas are two variants, however, hardly differ.
The Kenuzi-Dongola spoken by the Nubians of Dongola in Sudan and Kunuz in Egypt. Most people in Dongola and Kunuz understand those who speak Fadidja-Mahas.
We also speak English and French spoken by educated Egyptians.
Below are some Arabic words and phrases in a simple phonetic Transcriptional:
Yes = Na'am
No = laa
Thank you = sjokran
I do not understand = ma afham
Left = jasaar
Right = jamien
One = waaHed
Two = ethneen
Three = thalaathah
Hundreds = me'ah
Thousand = alf
Sunday = Yom al-Ahad
Wednesday= Yom al-arbeAa
Summer = aS-Seef
Winter = ash-sjeta
I do not know = ma aAref
I'm very much = aasef jeddan
Where is the toilet = whom at-towaaliet
In ancient Egypt were three types of script to use. Originally a secret language of the priests, the hieratic script, demotic script, designed for daily use by the people, and the hieroglyphic script.
Hieroglyphs date from around 3200 BC. and are the oldest known writing in the world. The word "hieroglyph" means "sacred carved letters" and refers to the picture writing that the ancient Egyptians used to express their faith. The Egyptians hieroglyphs also be called gods words. The hieroglyphic script was originally a purely "pictographs" and the characters originally meant exactly what they represented. Gradually the icons were displayed an expropriation for a public importance and were also concepts and ideas.
Hieroglyphs were mostly carved on monuments and can be read either from left to right, right to left or top to bottom. Because it was a very complicated script, developed characters easier to write in the course of centuries. The last datable inscription is on Hadrian's Gate to Philae from 394.
To get the art of hieroglyphics mastered years of practice were needed. The specially trained writers were among the social elite.
There are three main types of hieroglyphics. 'Phonograms' bring the sounds of syllables over, "ideograms" images the object or the act itself off, the 'determinative' confirms, changes or gives the meaning of the adjacent word. A complicating factor is that many symbols for all these types can be. Reading is further complicated by the fact that words and phrases nor by distances or be separated from each other by punctuation marks. A tool is that symbols of animals and people always look at the point where the text begins.
One who for the first time managed to decipher hieroglyphics was the French linguist Jean-François Champollion in 1822. The key to reading hieroglyphics was found on a black granite stela, the "Rosetta stone", discovered by the soldiers of Napoleon in 1799.
There was a text in three scripts at: hieroglyphics (14 lines), Demotic (32 lines) and Greek (54 lines). By deciphering the three texts together and comparing he managed to decipher the hieroglyphs. The text is a decree from 196 BC., Compiled by priests who were then in Memphis together. They expressed their thanks to Pharaoh Ptolemy for his proper care of the faith and temples.
He first realized that there are different kinds of hieroglyphs were various functions. He discovered the base of the hieroglyphic script. Originally they used 700 symbols. Later, in the time of the Ptolemies, was used about 1000 symbols. With hieroglyphs were next to 'normal' texts also profane bills, treaties and court protocols established.
When writing material used the Egyptians, especially the 'Papyrus', made from the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus. The stem of the plant was divided into strips, which in two layers, at right angles to each other, were pressed together. The sheets 'paper' were then merged into roles. Both the plant, the sheets, the roles as the information contained texts and pictures were known as' papyrus. Papyrus remained until the 10th century used as a writing material. The text was applied with a write reed, which has been dipped in ink. Often, the hieroglyphs were provided with a color.
The transcription of the Arabic script to the Roman alphabet is not easy, and one can also come across different spellings for the same word.
The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters and is written from right to left; Arabic numerals, however, be written from left to right.
Besides this language come Nubian, Coptic and the Berbers (Siwa) still on.
The Coptic language has its origins in Greek and Egyptian hieroglyphs. The Coptic language is still used in religious ceremonies. The Coptic name was only created after the Arab conquest. The Greeks called the country Aiguptos and residents Aigupti. By Arabs, this was corrupted to Gupti which Copts is derived. Coptic literally means so much as' native Egyptian.
The language of the Nubians has nothing to do with Arabic. Ethnological seen to divide the Nubian spoken in Fiadidja-Mahas and the Kenuzi-Dongola.
The Fiadidje-Mahas spoken in Sudan, although one more than 50% of the Nubians in Egypt until the Fiadidja. In Egypt, the language spoken by all Nubians who live south of Kunuz. Fadidja and Mahas are two variants, however, hardly differ.
The Kenuzi-Dongola spoken by the Nubians of Dongola in Sudan and Kunuz in Egypt. Most people in Dongola and Kunuz understand those who speak Fadidja-Mahas.
We also speak English and French spoken by educated Egyptians.
Below are some Arabic words and phrases in a simple phonetic Transcriptional:
Yes = Na'am
No = laa
Thank you = sjokran
I do not understand = ma afham
Left = jasaar
Right = jamien
One = waaHed
Two = ethneen
Three = thalaathah
Hundreds = me'ah
Thousand = alf
Sunday = Yom al-Ahad
Wednesday= Yom al-arbeAa
Summer = aS-Seef
Winter = ash-sjeta
I do not know = ma aAref
I'm very much = aasef jeddan
Where is the toilet = whom at-towaaliet
In ancient Egypt were three types of script to use. Originally a secret language of the priests, the hieratic script, demotic script, designed for daily use by the people, and the hieroglyphic script.
Hieroglyphs date from around 3200 BC. and are the oldest known writing in the world. The word "hieroglyph" means "sacred carved letters" and refers to the picture writing that the ancient Egyptians used to express their faith. The Egyptians hieroglyphs also be called gods words. The hieroglyphic script was originally a purely "pictographs" and the characters originally meant exactly what they represented. Gradually the icons were displayed an expropriation for a public importance and were also concepts and ideas.
Hieroglyphs were mostly carved on monuments and can be read either from left to right, right to left or top to bottom. Because it was a very complicated script, developed characters easier to write in the course of centuries. The last datable inscription is on Hadrian's Gate to Philae from 394.
To get the art of hieroglyphics mastered years of practice were needed. The specially trained writers were among the social elite.
There are three main types of hieroglyphics. 'Phonograms' bring the sounds of syllables over, "ideograms" images the object or the act itself off, the 'determinative' confirms, changes or gives the meaning of the adjacent word. A complicating factor is that many symbols for all these types can be. Reading is further complicated by the fact that words and phrases nor by distances or be separated from each other by punctuation marks. A tool is that symbols of animals and people always look at the point where the text begins.
One who for the first time managed to decipher hieroglyphics was the French linguist Jean-François Champollion in 1822. The key to reading hieroglyphics was found on a black granite stela, the "Rosetta stone", discovered by the soldiers of Napoleon in 1799.
He first realized that there are different kinds of hieroglyphs were various functions. He discovered the base of the hieroglyphic script. Originally they used 700 symbols. Later, in the time of the Ptolemies, was used about 1000 symbols. With hieroglyphs were next to 'normal' texts also profane bills, treaties and court protocols established.
When writing material used the Egyptians, especially the 'Papyrus', made from the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus. The stem of the plant was divided into strips, which in two layers, at right angles to each other, were pressed together. The sheets 'paper' were then merged into roles. Both the plant, the sheets, the roles as the information contained texts and pictures were known as' papyrus. Papyrus remained until the 10th century used as a writing material. The text was applied with a write reed, which has been dipped in ink. Often, the hieroglyphs were provided with a color.
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