Rahim Tabet | Februari 25, 2016 |
Indonesia
Indonesian Plants
The Indonesian archipelago has a very rich flora, which changes from west to east in conjunction with in this direction, becoming drier climate. In total there are more than 45,000 flowering plant species, which is approximately 10% of all types of flowers and plants that occur on Earth. There are 250 species of bamboo and 150 different species of palms. Alone on the island of Borneo are about 3,000 known species, and in the rain forests of Irian Jaya are more than 2500 species of orchids, including the largest in the world, the tiger orchid with its three-meter-long trail of flowers. Irian Jaya is also known for its insect-eating pitcher plants.
Sumatra, Borneo and New Guinea off the mountains and originally Western and Central Java, were respectively covered with very dense tropical rainforest. One of the many giant trees here is still the ironwood tree, which stands out for its smooth trunk that can reach a diameter of 2-3 meters and can be up to 40 meters high. The 'banyan' is in various parts of Indonesia considered a sacred tree. The banyan is a fig tree with a tangle of aerial roots that can reach an impressive size.
Many rainforest disappears because the expanding population needs more and more agricultural land and therefore covered more and more forest. Also, the hood for the purpose of the timber industry has a heavy toll on the file. A good example is Java, where the forest is almost entirely replaced by crops and weeds. Also on Bali and much of Sumatra's tropical forests replaced almost entirely by agricultural land (paddy fields, rubber and palm plantations).
In the drier eastern Indonesia is considering partially bald monsoon forest in the dry season; important here is the wood supplier djatibos. On the dry eastern Nusa Tenggara is savanna vegetation for. Depending on how dry the climate, forests are here partially or completely deciduous, such as the teak tree.
Along the muddy seashores one finds mangrove tidal forests, which also extend far inland along rivers; behind grow especially in Sumatra and Borneo are often extensive peat swamp forests in nutrient fresh water. The mangrove trees are characterized by their stelt- and breathing roots. Along the coast is growing to recognize the Rhizophora, with its dagger-like fruits that have already sprouted before they fall from the tree.
The mountains vegetation changes with altitude and exhibits belts similar to those found latitudes between the equator and the poles: to 1000 meters the tropical belt; to 1500 meters the submontane belt; to 2400 meters the montane zone; up to 4000 meters the subalpine belt; above 4000 meters grasslands with scattered shrubs and mosses and lichens, similar to the alpine flora. In the national park Gunung Gede Pangrango we are above the tree line, the last remnants of Javanese mountain flora. Here grows include the Javanese edelweiss, gentians, blackberries, strawberries and St. John's wort. In the cooler mountain regions grow much ferns, rhododendrons, turpentine trees, beeches, oaks and acacias. Orchids live both in the forest and high in the mountains.
Typical trees of the archipelago are among others the trees: coconut palm, oil palm, nipapalm, lontar palm panda palm, sago, arènpalm (palm wine, sugar), pinangpalm (betel), rattan and many species of the genus Ficus.
In the western part of the archipelago dominate the hardwood supplier Dipterocarpaceae.
Among the endangered species of the Indonesian flora belongs include the famous Rafflesia arnoldii (Central and South Sumatra), the largest parasitic flower in the world, the flower can reach a diameter of one meter. The Rafflesia clings to the roots of its host, the mammalian species Viatceae which he draws all the nutrients. The button needs two years to come out.
In Borneo, we find the only black orchid in the world, the Coelogyne Pandurata. A common plant is the "Melati", a fragrant jasmine species. The 'angrek bulan or moon orchid is like the melati and the Rafflesia, chosen as the national flower.
One of the most beautiful flowering trees weelderigst Indonesia is flamboyant or bosvlam, originally from Madagascar derived tree. The flamboyant is planted throughout Indonesia as a shade tree.
Indonesia is also known for its wide variety of tropical fruits, among others, starfruit, mangosteen, durian, jackfruit, rambutan, jambu air and salak.
Animals
The fauna of Indonesia has both Asian and Australian elements. The "Wallace Line" (see below), between the Philippines, Borneo and Sulawesi and Lombok Bali hand and on the other hand, gives about the divorce. Many islands exhibit a mixing fauna, and are therefore of great interest to biologists. This transition region is also known as Wallacea.
The fauna of the Great Sunda Islands, with the exception of Sulawesi, mainly corresponds to that of the Asian mainland. Lombok, east of Bali, Maluku (inter alia the Seram-bandicoot) and Irian Barat have more Australian character, though lacking Asian elements are not there. On many islands that were connected in the past (Pleistocene) with each other or with the continent, could, due to prolonged isolation, new varieties and endemic species which occur nowhere else in the world.
Famous ape Indonesia is the Orangutan (man of the forest "), which occurs only in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Borneo). The orangutan is a highly endangered species, of which only about five thousand copies in the wild.
The very special-looking proboscis monkey is only for Kalimantan. Red nose of the male can be 15 centimeters. Gibbons (among others siamang, lar gibbon, silvery gibbon, agile gibbon and Pileated Gibbon) are limited to the Western Isles; Sulawesi and the other eastern islands have different monkey species. The so-called leaf monkey (langur monkeys or slim) particularly in Sumatra also found. These graceful monkeys are in Sumatra 30 species and subspecies. The special feature of these monkeys is that they eat relatively large leaves and seeds. Prosimians as lories and tarsiers, as well Tree shrews, come only in the West.
The large mammals of the rainforest are only occasionally monitor. Elephants still occur in Sumatra and North Kalimantan. The one-horned Javan rhinoceros only occurs in the reserve Ujung Kulon in West Java; The two-horned Sumatran rhinoceros lives in Indonesia only in Kalimantan. The Sumatran tiger is found only in the rainforests of Sumatra, the largest feline of Kalimantan is the clouded leopard. In Sumatra and Kalimantan, the honey bear and Malayan bear for. Tapirs live in low-lying swamp forests.
Of ruminants deserve the banteng or wild buffalo (on Java), the anoa Sulawesi and Sumatra bosgems entry. The banteng (up to 800 kilos) is closely related to the gaur, the largest wild bovine species. Water buffalos are among the domesticated animals. In Indonesia, two species: the river buffalo and swamp buffalo. Both are called by the population buffalo or kebo. White zebu, known in Indonesia 'lembu' or 'sapi putih', probably descended from the wild gaur, but has been domesticated for a long time.
Java survives kantjil or Javanese dwarf deer, deer or the Javanese "rusa", the rare Javan warthog, leopard, black leopard and the spotted panther. The Bawean deer is one of the rarest species of deer in the world and is only on the volcanic island of Bawean, 150 km north of Java for. wild boar in the forests of the National Park Bromo-Tengger-Semeru life boskippen, langurs, "kijang - a small deer- Javanese anteaters and" luwak, "a kind rolmarter.
The mammal fauna of Maluku (Moluccas) mainly consists of small species of higher mammals and marsupials, like the flying marsupial squirrel, three kinds Cuscus, wallabies and tree kangaroos and forty species of bats including small insectivores and large fruit bats or kalongs. The sea around the island of Aru is known for its' dugongs or sea cows. In Ambon, the 'STI STIs or water monitor for. The trade in live birds are the red lory, the bloodstain lorikeet, the red crested cockatoo and the blue rump honey parrot highly sought after.
Also on Kalimantan and Sumatra are common for glider pilots, among others flying dragon (Draco), flying frog, flying geckos and flying cat.
The mangrove forests are inhabited by, inter alia, fiddler crab, mudskippers, kingfishers and the bizarre-looking proboscis monkey, found only on the island of Borneo.
Sulawesi is a special case. Most animals have an Asian origin; the two types of Cuscus (beerkoeskoes among others) that occur here, however, undeniably marsupials and typically Australasian.
Animals found nowhere else are dwarf or chamois buffalo (anoa), the babirusa, a wild pig with curved tusks, the Python reticulatus, the large palm marten, the Sulawesi tarsier or tarsier (the smallest monkey with a length of 10 cm in world) and the crested macaque or black baboon.
The togian islands, the largest terrestrial arthropod for the coconut palm or coconut lobster thief, the hermit crab family. This huge lobsters, at least the males can reach a weight of five kilograms and stretched their claws have a wingspan of up to 90cm.
Special is also the Maleo or maleo, runny bird species buries her eggs in the sand - the eggs are hatched by the volcanic heat.
In Indonesia are about 1500 species of birds, including many Australasia Asian species such as the cassowary (in Irian Jaya are three types: the southern cassowary, the northern cassowary and the dwarf cassowary) cockatoos, many other parrot species and more than forty species of birds of paradise, which appear only on the North Moluccas, Aru and Irian Jaya. Of the bird world should continue to be called the majestic Great Argus, trogons, leaf birds, crowned pigeons, birds beard and big leg fowl. Peacock comes only in Java.
Particularly that of the 600 identified bird species in Borneo, there are 128 not found in Kalimantan.
In the Moluccas are about 350 species of birds, including the endemic Wallace paradise and major roodkuifkakatoe.
In the rainforests of Sumatra and Kalimantan live exotic birds as Schneider's pitta, source peacock pheasant tail, kingfishers, ibises and nine species of hornbills. Sumatra has 465 species of birds, 13 of which are endemic. Sumatra after Irian Jaya bird important.
Bali bird species are especially interesting, among others, the very rare, brilliant "Jalak putih 'or white Bali starling, parrot-amadinen, rice birds, purple coots, jassana and weaver birds.
In the middle of the strait between Sumbawa and Flores is Pulau Komodo. Here comes the Komodo dragon or perentie for the largest lizard in the world. Also on the islands of Padar, Rinca, Gili Motong and part of (mainland) West Flores. The Komodo dragon, called by locals 'ora', is one of the oldest living species and dates from the Eocene, 60 million years ago. Their current number is estimated at 5,000 copies.
Adult males can reach a weight of 150 kilos and up to three meters long. Females are much smaller and impose a time thirty eggs.
Crocodiles are limited to the coasts and some rivers. The freshwater crocodile (Buaya) of Irian Jaya can reach a length of seven meters. In Irian Jaya will further the green tree python and king cobra is the largest of the many species of poisonous snakes that live in the forests.
Geckos (Ind. Tokeh) and a smaller type, "Cicak" are everywhere and often live with the people in the house.
The number of fish species is very large. Carp species, the labyrinth fish and catfish, which mainly inhabit the fresh water, are missing on the eastern islands, which already have a poorer freshwater fauna. In the waters of Indonesia is the rarest shell in the world, the 'Queen of the Seas. "
The coral reefs in the east of the archipelago are among the richest in the world; sea turtles are there serious threat to their survival. In Citirem nature reserve puts the green sea turtle in the July and October its eggs on the beach. The Moluccas Aru archipelago is an important nesting area for several species of sea turtles, including the protected leatherback turtle and the Loggerhead turtle. The Kai islands are the breeding grounds for the green turtle, the loggerhead turtle and the karetschilpad.
In some rivers in Kalimantan swims a remarkable animal, the 'Pesut or Irrawaddy dolphin. This dolphin lives in shallow and turbid water include the Mahakam, where a relatively large fish is.
Indonesia is extremely rich in insects and other invertebrates; the land leeches are well known. Some native insects are very large, for example, the atlas moth and some types of stick insect, which is 20 centimeters in length. Irian Jaya has thousands of species of butterflies. The most spectacular is undoubtedly the bird wing butterfly, "kupu-kupu Sayap Burung. They can reach a span of 33 cm.
The "Wallace Line"
The low sea levels during the ice ages and the rise then, has had important consequences for the flora and fauna of the archipelago. Because Sahul country was dry during the ice age, plants and animals could freely move within that period the area west of the line Kalimantan Bali.
Pass east of these islands they were stopped by a deep sea. The same sea also liked the flora and fauna at from the eastern part of Indonesia, Sahul country and Australia. That old dividing line is still recognizable in the different flora and fauna between the two regions.
The Briton Alfred Russell Wallace (1823-1917), a contemporary of Darwin, was the first naturalist who discovered that the animal east of Bali differed from that in other parts of Indonesia.
He drew an imaginary boundary, later called the "Wallace Line", which was based on the ancient shoreline of the Asian continental shelf and the difference indicated between the Oriental and Australian fauna. West of the line (Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, Madura and Bali) is the animal oriental, east of it (Irian Jaya) Australian, while in the transition region (Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara and Maluku) has been a mixture of these two types of fauna. In November 2010, biologists in the Indonesian jungle discovered a new species of monkey with ball eyes and big ears, as published by the University of Frankfurt. It is a new kind of Koboldmaki that look a bit like stuffed animals and afterworld name Tarsius wallacei, the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913). The Koboldmaki are only twelve centimeters long and are among the smallest monkeys of Asia.
The Indonesian archipelago has a very rich flora, which changes from west to east in conjunction with in this direction, becoming drier climate. In total there are more than 45,000 flowering plant species, which is approximately 10% of all types of flowers and plants that occur on Earth. There are 250 species of bamboo and 150 different species of palms. Alone on the island of Borneo are about 3,000 known species, and in the rain forests of Irian Jaya are more than 2500 species of orchids, including the largest in the world, the tiger orchid with its three-meter-long trail of flowers. Irian Jaya is also known for its insect-eating pitcher plants.
In the drier eastern Indonesia is considering partially bald monsoon forest in the dry season; important here is the wood supplier djatibos. On the dry eastern Nusa Tenggara is savanna vegetation for. Depending on how dry the climate, forests are here partially or completely deciduous, such as the teak tree.
Along the muddy seashores one finds mangrove tidal forests, which also extend far inland along rivers; behind grow especially in Sumatra and Borneo are often extensive peat swamp forests in nutrient fresh water. The mangrove trees are characterized by their stelt- and breathing roots. Along the coast is growing to recognize the Rhizophora, with its dagger-like fruits that have already sprouted before they fall from the tree.
Typical trees of the archipelago are among others the trees: coconut palm, oil palm, nipapalm, lontar palm panda palm, sago, arènpalm (palm wine, sugar), pinangpalm (betel), rattan and many species of the genus Ficus.
In the western part of the archipelago dominate the hardwood supplier Dipterocarpaceae.
In Borneo, we find the only black orchid in the world, the Coelogyne Pandurata. A common plant is the "Melati", a fragrant jasmine species. The 'angrek bulan or moon orchid is like the melati and the Rafflesia, chosen as the national flower.
One of the most beautiful flowering trees weelderigst Indonesia is flamboyant or bosvlam, originally from Madagascar derived tree. The flamboyant is planted throughout Indonesia as a shade tree.
Indonesia is also known for its wide variety of tropical fruits, among others, starfruit, mangosteen, durian, jackfruit, rambutan, jambu air and salak.
Animals
The fauna of Indonesia has both Asian and Australian elements. The "Wallace Line" (see below), between the Philippines, Borneo and Sulawesi and Lombok Bali hand and on the other hand, gives about the divorce. Many islands exhibit a mixing fauna, and are therefore of great interest to biologists. This transition region is also known as Wallacea.
The fauna of the Great Sunda Islands, with the exception of Sulawesi, mainly corresponds to that of the Asian mainland. Lombok, east of Bali, Maluku (inter alia the Seram-bandicoot) and Irian Barat have more Australian character, though lacking Asian elements are not there. On many islands that were connected in the past (Pleistocene) with each other or with the continent, could, due to prolonged isolation, new varieties and endemic species which occur nowhere else in the world.
The very special-looking proboscis monkey is only for Kalimantan. Red nose of the male can be 15 centimeters. Gibbons (among others siamang, lar gibbon, silvery gibbon, agile gibbon and Pileated Gibbon) are limited to the Western Isles; Sulawesi and the other eastern islands have different monkey species. The so-called leaf monkey (langur monkeys or slim) particularly in Sumatra also found. These graceful monkeys are in Sumatra 30 species and subspecies. The special feature of these monkeys is that they eat relatively large leaves and seeds. Prosimians as lories and tarsiers, as well Tree shrews, come only in the West.
The large mammals of the rainforest are only occasionally monitor. Elephants still occur in Sumatra and North Kalimantan. The one-horned Javan rhinoceros only occurs in the reserve Ujung Kulon in West Java; The two-horned Sumatran rhinoceros lives in Indonesia only in Kalimantan. The Sumatran tiger is found only in the rainforests of Sumatra, the largest feline of Kalimantan is the clouded leopard. In Sumatra and Kalimantan, the honey bear and Malayan bear for. Tapirs live in low-lying swamp forests.
Java survives kantjil or Javanese dwarf deer, deer or the Javanese "rusa", the rare Javan warthog, leopard, black leopard and the spotted panther. The Bawean deer is one of the rarest species of deer in the world and is only on the volcanic island of Bawean, 150 km north of Java for. wild boar in the forests of the National Park Bromo-Tengger-Semeru life boskippen, langurs, "kijang - a small deer- Javanese anteaters and" luwak, "a kind rolmarter.
The mammal fauna of Maluku (Moluccas) mainly consists of small species of higher mammals and marsupials, like the flying marsupial squirrel, three kinds Cuscus, wallabies and tree kangaroos and forty species of bats including small insectivores and large fruit bats or kalongs. The sea around the island of Aru is known for its' dugongs or sea cows. In Ambon, the 'STI STIs or water monitor for. The trade in live birds are the red lory, the bloodstain lorikeet, the red crested cockatoo and the blue rump honey parrot highly sought after.
Also on Kalimantan and Sumatra are common for glider pilots, among others flying dragon (Draco), flying frog, flying geckos and flying cat.
The mangrove forests are inhabited by, inter alia, fiddler crab, mudskippers, kingfishers and the bizarre-looking proboscis monkey, found only on the island of Borneo.
Sulawesi is a special case. Most animals have an Asian origin; the two types of Cuscus (beerkoeskoes among others) that occur here, however, undeniably marsupials and typically Australasian.
Animals found nowhere else are dwarf or chamois buffalo (anoa), the babirusa, a wild pig with curved tusks, the Python reticulatus, the large palm marten, the Sulawesi tarsier or tarsier (the smallest monkey with a length of 10 cm in world) and the crested macaque or black baboon.
The togian islands, the largest terrestrial arthropod for the coconut palm or coconut lobster thief, the hermit crab family. This huge lobsters, at least the males can reach a weight of five kilograms and stretched their claws have a wingspan of up to 90cm.
Special is also the Maleo or maleo, runny bird species buries her eggs in the sand - the eggs are hatched by the volcanic heat.
Particularly that of the 600 identified bird species in Borneo, there are 128 not found in Kalimantan.
In the Moluccas are about 350 species of birds, including the endemic Wallace paradise and major roodkuifkakatoe.
In the rainforests of Sumatra and Kalimantan live exotic birds as Schneider's pitta, source peacock pheasant tail, kingfishers, ibises and nine species of hornbills. Sumatra has 465 species of birds, 13 of which are endemic. Sumatra after Irian Jaya bird important.
Bali bird species are especially interesting, among others, the very rare, brilliant "Jalak putih 'or white Bali starling, parrot-amadinen, rice birds, purple coots, jassana and weaver birds.
Adult males can reach a weight of 150 kilos and up to three meters long. Females are much smaller and impose a time thirty eggs.
Crocodiles are limited to the coasts and some rivers. The freshwater crocodile (Buaya) of Irian Jaya can reach a length of seven meters. In Irian Jaya will further the green tree python and king cobra is the largest of the many species of poisonous snakes that live in the forests.
Geckos (Ind. Tokeh) and a smaller type, "Cicak" are everywhere and often live with the people in the house.
The number of fish species is very large. Carp species, the labyrinth fish and catfish, which mainly inhabit the fresh water, are missing on the eastern islands, which already have a poorer freshwater fauna. In the waters of Indonesia is the rarest shell in the world, the 'Queen of the Seas. "
The coral reefs in the east of the archipelago are among the richest in the world; sea turtles are there serious threat to their survival. In Citirem nature reserve puts the green sea turtle in the July and October its eggs on the beach. The Moluccas Aru archipelago is an important nesting area for several species of sea turtles, including the protected leatherback turtle and the Loggerhead turtle. The Kai islands are the breeding grounds for the green turtle, the loggerhead turtle and the karetschilpad.
In some rivers in Kalimantan swims a remarkable animal, the 'Pesut or Irrawaddy dolphin. This dolphin lives in shallow and turbid water include the Mahakam, where a relatively large fish is.
The "Wallace Line"
Pass east of these islands they were stopped by a deep sea. The same sea also liked the flora and fauna at from the eastern part of Indonesia, Sahul country and Australia. That old dividing line is still recognizable in the different flora and fauna between the two regions.
The Briton Alfred Russell Wallace (1823-1917), a contemporary of Darwin, was the first naturalist who discovered that the animal east of Bali differed from that in other parts of Indonesia.
He drew an imaginary boundary, later called the "Wallace Line", which was based on the ancient shoreline of the Asian continental shelf and the difference indicated between the Oriental and Australian fauna. West of the line (Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, Madura and Bali) is the animal oriental, east of it (Irian Jaya) Australian, while in the transition region (Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara and Maluku) has been a mixture of these two types of fauna. In November 2010, biologists in the Indonesian jungle discovered a new species of monkey with ball eyes and big ears, as published by the University of Frankfurt. It is a new kind of Koboldmaki that look a bit like stuffed animals and afterworld name Tarsius wallacei, the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913). The Koboldmaki are only twelve centimeters long and are among the smallest monkeys of Asia.
0 komentar:
Posting Komentar