Rahim Tabet | Februari 25, 2016 |
Indonesia
The first inhabitants of Indonesia lived in Java. There was found the skull in 1891 of Java man (gay erectus). These humanoid, who made use of fire, was already up and lived about 500,000 years ago at the beginning of the Pleistocene. Java Man is explicitly not the direct ancestor of the current Indonesian population. In 1931 there were skulls found a more developed human species, the Solo man.
The first real kind people migrated to the Indonesian archipelago was a Australoïde pygmeeënras, called negrito's from New Guinea and the Lesser Sunda Islands. Still later, ca. 10,000-12,000 BC., Survived Wajak-man Java, the first gay sapiens, and the true ancestor of the current population.
Antiquity
Around the 2nd century AD. landed the first Indian merchants in Java, Sumatra and Sulawesi. From ancient writings it is clear that Indian historians already around 600 BC. reported some Java. The influence of these Indians reached far, but especially the ruling class took a lot of these people, especially Hinduism. The many loanwords which are reflected in the current Indonesian language, are clear evidence of the strong Indian influences. In the 5th century, developed in Java Brahmanical sects that worshiped the Hindu god Shiva.
In the 7th century Sriwijaya kingdom came on strong in the south of Sumatra, the trading empire Malacca and Sumatra and controlled shipping from India to China. In Java, especially on the coast, flourished rich and powerful Hindu-Javanese states, inter alia, Kediri, Sailendra (Buddhist mountain princes) and Papajaran.
Buddhism is also not negligible as a modifier in this development: it had no rasvooroordelen and spread a strong missionary activity tone. The adherents of Hinduism and Buddhism survived otherwise peacefully.
By the end of the 10th century Java and Sumatra battled for supremacy. The conquests of Airlangga (to 1042), a balance of power was reached in the archipelago: Java controlled east, west Sumatra. Sriwijaya had gradually weakened, partly due to a robbery of the Southern Indian Cholas in Malaya and Sumatra. The balance of power remained until the 13th century exist.
Majapahit era, the Golden Age of Indonesia
In the 14th century Majapahit Empire, the main state of Indonesia, and was also the last Javanese-Hindu kingdom. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Muslim merchants put ashore and found particularly in Sumatra and Java well organized kingdoms; Borneo was much less the case and on Sulawesi that was hardly the case. How strong the influence from India has been shown by the Indian script was used in many places to the 20th century.
Arabs were in fact already come to Indonesia in the 4th century to trade. In the 14th century the activities of the Arab traders were considerably expanded towards Indonesia. Inevitably did gradually Islam entered the archipelago, primarily from northern Sumatra and Java later on. In general one can say that Islam had the most success in those areas where Hinduism had been the least foothold. Late 15th century were the first two major cities full Islamic Demak and Cirebon on Java.
A little later there was the Hindu Majapahit Empire nothing left and replaced by some twenty Islamic kingdoms scattered throughout the archipelago. Hindu princes often converted to Islam from monetary gain, and the people followed that example without many problems. For instance, the Islamic at that time had a great influence on the development of Indonesia in various fields.
The Portuguese period
The Portuguese did not last very long period, from about 1511 (conquest of Malacca) to about 1662. They were, however, who brought European civilization and culture to Indonesia, including Roman Catholicism and the Portuguese language, which in the 16th century trade language or 'lingua franca' of the archipelago. Noteworthy was that the Portuguese fully focus on trade and the spread of Christianity, rather than conquering territories. Yet they did not have much influence on the major international trade routes as later the Dutch.
In 1570, the Portuguese killed to get a sultan, so more favors from his successor. But the people picked this out and chased the Portuguese from the island of Ternate. Later it would turn out that this was the beginning of the end of the superiority of the Portuguese in Indonesia.
The great influence of the Portuguese expressed itself in the language, the music, the import of tobacco and the design and construction of ships.
In the early 16th century also created a new Islamic state in Aceh (Aceh).
Indonesia under the Dutch East India Company and as a colony of the Netherlands
With the arrival of the Dutch in 1596 began a new and radical chapter in the history of Indonesia, a chapter that would last more than three centuries. To give the market more structure in this area was established in 1602 the Dutch East India Company (VOC), which had full control over the archipelago after several years. The Dutch claimed an Indian government under a governor-general and in 1619 Jan Pietersz Coen of Jacatra made the capital city of Batavia. He also managed to keep the English out of the archipelago. In the eighteenth century gradually the power of the VOC ever taken less and worldwide by the British.
In 1798, all assets and liabilities of the VOC were taken over by the state. The once mighty East India Company ceased to exist in December 1799 and at that time began constitutionally given the colonial period of the Dutch East Indies.
To counter the other European powers to protect were founded everywhere fortified 'factories or trading posts at strategic locations. From 1808 the Dutch authority was strengthened under Governor General Daendels. At one time the Dutch were increasingly involved in the internal affairs of the Indonesian different states. In 1830 the infamous culture system was introduced, which almost entirely Java was in fact a labor camp run by the state. The farmers were forced to grow specific crops, including due to a severe famine in 1849-1850 in the rice region Cirebon.
The English were from the early 17th century, the main competitors for the VOC. Despite agreements between the English and Dutch trading companies, the various parties clashed frequently with each other. From 1811-1816 Java was occupied was stormed and destroyed by an English expeditionary force, and the "Kraton" Sultan in Yogyakarta. Stamford Raffles, emissary of the English East India Company and founder of Singapore, was appointed governor. In 1816 most areas were returned to the Dutch (according to the London Convention of 1814), and in 1824 completely the British withdrew from Indonesia.
Dutch colonial rule was based on a racial cabinet structure and was controlled by a sophisticated system officials. With only a few tens of thousands of civil servants the vast archipelago was then controlled efficiently.
Inevitably in a situation of oppression by another nation is the rise of nationalist sentiments. The first nationalists were aristocrats and intellectuals, led by the son of a Javanese sultan, Diponegoro. After an incident was a holy guerrilla war (1825-1830; Java War) in 1825, which unleashed some 15,000 Dutch and 250,000 Indonesians were killed.
Most Indonesians indeed died from infectious diseases. was the system of forced cultures abolished again in 1854 after the constitutional reform of 1848 in the Netherlands.
Beginning in 1873 began the Aceh War, a chronic guerrilla war as a result of the plans of the Dutch to annex the independent Aceh. Only in 1898, when Van Heutz and Snouck were appointed military governor and adviser on Arab and Native Affairs, a start was made effective, often bloody, occupation completely Aceh. To regularly attacks were committed on Dutch on the eve of World War II.
In 1905, the mighty Russia was defeated by Japan and the little that was good news for the nationalists. Nevertheless, the Netherlands was around that time already engaged in the so-called 'ethical policy', with the aim of the importance of indigenous peoples and promote its education toward independence, especially through better education. Indonesia, however, came in 1911, currently wholly owned by the Dutch, although they then immediately again began to lose their grip on the country. To counter this talented Indonesians were sent to the Netherlands to pursue a higher education. But it backfired because these new intellectuals later became the fiercest nationalists and the Dutch were in fact unnecessary. During the period of the First World War caused many nationalist organizations, especially among the Javanese population. In 1927, the Partai Indonesian nationalist (PNI) was founded openly independence (Merdeka) pursued and was inspired by the Indian Mahatma Gandhi.
This party was led by Sukarno, which quickly developed into a major political personality through his actions. Previously had been founded in 1908, Budi Utomo ( "Clean pursuit), and the Sarekat Islam, a mass movement based on Islamic principles in 1912.
The global economic crisis, the Dutch and the Indonesians came under increasing clash. The exploitation of all mineral resources was raised in Indonesia and political concessions were all reversed.
A very violent police kept the Indonesians in check and nationalist leaders like Sukarno, Hatta and Sjahrir were arrested. Furthermore, all political parties were banned and all this naturally led to an increase in anti-Dutch vote. The establishment of a House of Assembly in 1918 was no more than a fake parliament. Thus Soetjardo rejected the petition in 1938, which should result in Indonesia along the path of gradualism would have an independent place within the rich context to it.
WWII
In January 1942 pulled Japanese troops Borneo and Sulawesi, followed by a major attack on Sumatra. Java was captured on February 27, Batavia was taken on 1 March and 9 March the Dutch army capitulated. The Dutch were interned in camps, where many were killed (estimated at 13% of the 90,000 citizens and 23% of the 37,000 prisoner of war), among others many prisoners who had to work on the Burma-Siamspoorweg.
The Japanese promised the Indonesian nationalists and orthodox Muslims eventually independence, but it soon became clear that the intention was to Indonesia in the final to take on Japanese empire, politically and economically was entirely subservient to Japan. The methods used by the Japanese in order to achieve this ultimately proved even more cruel than under the Dutch was the case. Meanwhile, the economic situation deteriorated, especially in the countryside, fast. Thus came to a halt large agricultural enterprises and the situation was exacerbated by the demand of rice for the Japanese forces and the recruitment of manpower, "romushas.
Important for the nationalists was that Sukarno by the Japanese was appointed governor and thereby given the opportunity to develop the Indonesian population in a smart way. Thus, the language was the Bahasa Indonesia, a great symbol of national identity and was transformed the storm armed country after the war, erected by the Japanese to a revolutionary militia, which fought against the Dutch.
When the Japanese also members of the first losses, power was increasingly placed in the hands of the Indonesians.
Indonesia becomes independent
On August 15, Japan surrendered to the Allies, and two days later, Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed independence on August 17, 1945, and the Republic of Indonesia was born. The returning Dutch tried immediately to restore their rule, but encountered very strong opposition, especially in Java and Sumatra. The Dutch initially had more problems with youth gangs than the regular army. International Indonesians had initially little support in their fight against the Dutch.
On July 21, 1947 Netherlands began its first police action, which was stopped by the intervention of the United Nations on August 5. Within the republic seething between the various groups, which resulted in an uprising against the pro-Dutch government, led by the Communist Party PKI.
In 1948 there was an ultra-conservative government in the Netherlands in power who decided to bomb in December of that year, Yogyakarta and occupied by Dutch paratroopers. However, the second police action failed utterly. Sukarno and many members of his revolutionary government were captured, but the Dutch suffered a lot of opposition from the Republican Indonesians. The term 'merdeka', which means freedom, was at that time on everyone's lips.
After world opinion and the United Nations more and more lined up behind the Indonesians was quickly done with the Dutch occupation of Indonesia. In 1948, the US Congress decided to suspend the Marshall aid and the Netherlands contributed on December 27, 1949 sovereignty over a free and independent Indonesia. Initially Netherlands and Indonesia were still squeezed into a union, which has however been raised on 17 August. Only in the South Moluccas, which was declared an independent republic in April 1950, was offered armed resistance against this development, particularly by former KNIL soldiers.
After independence
On December 16, 1949 Sukarno was by the House of Representatives and the Senate elected president of the new federal state of Indonesia. In September 1950 Indonesia joined as a member of the United Nations. The army, the PKI and Sukarno were the main centers of power. In this constellation of growing nationalism and progressive inflation Indonesia canceled in 1956 because of the New Guinea dispute the Union with the Netherlands.
The early years of the new state, however, were far from easy. Cabinets came and went in quick succession and in 1955 there were 169 political parties in the battle went for 257 seats in parliament. Sukarno saw with sorrow and decided to intervene. He chose the 'guided democracy' and installed a National Council, which consisted of members of his choice. The traditional 'mufakat' was introduced, which meant decision-making by consensus. Political parties and legislative authority were put offside in this system and even dissolved. Also put an end to press freedom.
All this was imposed on the other islands from Java, so it felt neglected and eventually rebelled. In February 1959 a rebellion broke out in Sumatra and North Sulawesi. Demanded was more self-determination by the Muslim-oriented islands. The revolt was beaten by troops of Sukarno within months.
In 1962, Sukarno wanted to finally take West New Guinea and the United States also exerted strong pressure on the Netherlands to enter the island. In the same year the Netherlands contributed the territory over to the United Nations, which in turn in 1963 handed over to Indonesia. They have demanded that there should be issued free elections within five years. In 1969, all parties agreed that would integrate Western New Guinea and the Republic of Indonesia.
Late fifties Indonesia was increasingly become a dictatorship and early sixties entered the country from the United Nations and was fiercely anti-Western and militant. Sukarno suggested Indonesia on par with the equally anti-imperialist China. Sukarno had been so useful to forge together all the different groups and ideologies into one. Self-Glorification was taking no surprise and that was reflected in the construction of prestigious stadiums and other buildings, and sculptures that made strongly reminiscent of Soviet-style. On the other hand, inflation rose gigantic national debt went up steeply and layers of various groups as soldiers, Muslims and communists ready to take up the torch, if necessary through a coup. It also formed a sharp contrast between the military leadership and the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI).
Coup d'etat
On the night of September 30, 1965, six generals were kidnapped and murdered. Suharto, a hitherto unknown General set up a reserve unit, the Kostrad, to learn the "Communist conspirators' a lesson. Finally ran this situation from a political massacre in which about half a million people were murdered in cold blood. At that time the Communist Party was disbanded and the army took over the reins.
Became president in 1967. Suharto, who took power base in the army. Indonesia received financial help from all sides, especially from the Netherlands and the United States. The land became economically more dependent on the West. Inside, the people were very dissatisfied with the corruption and developing the economy and the Suharto regime tried with strong repressive measures to maintain order. In 1969, West New Guinea joined permanently at Indonesia and further a political reorganization took place, in the sense that merged a number of groups, and as Sekber Golkar continued. This party was strongly supported by the government and therefore won more than the general election of 1971.
In 1975, the Portuguese troops of East Timor and the liberation movement FRETILIN tried left take power. Suharto grabbed however hard and on 17 July, East Timor unilaterally, under protest by the United Nations as 27th province annexed by Indonesia.
The 1982 and 1987 elections were again won by the Golkar Party, despite discontent and social unrest.
In 1984 came a number of Islamic groups rebelled against the curtailment of their freedoms. There were eighteen deaths, followed by bomb attacks on Chinese companies and banks.
became known in the course of 1990 that the government wanted to implement a policy of 'openness'. This resulted in more press freedom and a rapprochement Suharto to Islam. Also noted was the army killed dozens of protesters in 1991, and Suharto's army blamed. The years 1991 and 1992 were also marked by tensions in Aceh, resulting in thousands of deaths. In March 1993, Suharto was elected for six consecutive president. He had to General Soetrino, the candidate of the army, accepting as vice president.
Mid-nineties, the economy grew strongly, but the gap between rich and poor was widening. This had major social tensions resulted, which was further reinforced by a rising unemployment rate and numerous corruption scandals.
In 1996, some new opposition parties were banned and the leader of the Democratic Party, Megawati Sukarnoputri, overturned. The general elections of May 1997 were again won by the Golkar Party, and despite wave of political violence. Only the Muslim PPP managed to extend its supporters and obtained 23% of votes.
The fall of Suharto
In March 1998, Suharto was re-elected for the seventh time as president, with his daughter and several trustees appointed to crucial posts, despite growing protests against this state of affairs. The economic crisis in which the country found itself, caused the price rises and poor harvests in a very tense atmosphere. Demonstrations by students who devoted themselves to reforms and demanded the resignation of Suharto, were becoming more massive and received the support of several groups from the army and society. Amien Rais, leader of the Islamic party Muhammadiyah, let himself hereby expressly apply, while Megawati Sukarnoputri, the leader of the PDI, quietly biding.
Beginning in May 1998 arose in several cities riots, especially ethnic Chinese had to pay for it; a hundred Chinese women were raped and in total there were 1200 deaths.
On May 18 the President of the People's Congress and the Golkar called on the president to resign. Suharto tried to set up a national committee, but the important religious leaders and many ministers refused to participate in this session. In the closely driven decided which when Suharto to resign. Vice President Habibie was then sworn in as president and the newly constituted government disappeared everyone who belonged to the clan of Suharto.
Habibie period
The IMF appeared confident Habibie to have supported Indonesia with $ 42 billion in monthly installments of 1 billion. This restored the rate of the rupiah itself.
Under the new regime, there was a greater degree of press freedom, which outrages of the army in East Timor, Aceh and Irian Jaya were known. The corruption and self-enrichment of Suharto were broadly made public, but students continued to demand far-reaching reforms. Suharto would not only have to answer according to the students but also the People's Congress which, after all, was still appointed by Suharto. Against the students were loud and occurred only fourteen were already dead in Jakarta.
After the disappearance of Suharto remained still unsettled in Indonesia. Early 1999 broke serious unrest in the Moluccas and Borneo, which claimed hundreds of victims.
In January 1999 President Habibie announced against the wishes of the military a referendum on the future of East Timor. The East Timorese opposition agreed to this because it thought that the people would opt for independence. In particular forces in the army did not let East Timor, and recruited militias which had intimidated the population so that they would opt for autonomy within Indonesia.
Yet chose a large majority of 78.5% for independence. When the results were announced on 4 September, the militia went for help from the army to the scorched earth, leaving about 200,000 people mainly were driven into West Timor. This United Nations put the country under so much pressure that the Indonesian government allowed the arrival of UN troops. The imprisoned leader of the East Timorese resistance Gusmao, was released in September and returned in early November 1999 return to East Timor, which remained provisionally under UN supervision.
Abdurrahman Wahid Period
Beginning in June 1999 elections were held. Megawati's reformist PDI-P was the largest party, but won on the basis of new electoral laws too few seats (153) in order to force a president. Habibie's Golkar finished second but was due to the same rules more seats (120) in the new parliament. Two other reformist parties, Abdurrahman Wahids PKB and Amien Rais' PAN, gained 11% and a disappointing 7% of the seats.
There was a sharp contrast between the camp of Megawati on the one hand and that of Habibie's Golkar supported by some Islamist parties on the other. In order to break this polarization was nearly blind Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur called by the people) by Amien Rais third candidate put forward for the presidency. The army supported this proposal when Wahid was elected president and Megawati elected at the insistence of Wahid vice president.
Wahids' brief reign was characterized by constant quarrels between the various political factions, a declining economy and bloody ethnic conflicts, particularly in Aceh, Irian Jaya and the Moluccas. When he was still accused of incompetence and corruption, it was quickly happened to Wahid.
Megawati period
On July 23, 2001 he was voted down by parliament and succeeded by Vice President Megawati, the daughter of former president Sukarno. Hamzah Haz was elected vice president.
Even under the rule of Megawati broke frequently bloody ethnic and religious conflicts. Against actions of separatist movements in Aceh and Irian Jaya was crackdown by the army. There were thousands of deaths, but Megawati did it necessarily Indonesia keeping her father together.
Early 2002 wrong Indonesia's economy is still in crisis and continued to increase poverty. On October 12 of that year, Indonesia was hit by a very violent extremist attack on Bali. Hundreds of deaths, including many Australians, were the result.
Susilo Bambang Yudhonyo Period
Beginning in October 2004 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was officially declared winner of the presidential election. The former general defeated at the first direct election of the head of state in Indonesia incumbent President Megawati Sukarnoputri. Yudhoyono had 60.6% of the votes; Megawati did not go beyond 39.4%.
On Boxing Day in 2004, many countries in South Asia affected by a massive natural disaster, including Indonesia.
There was an earthquake of which had a magnitude of 9.0 on the Richter scale. The epicenter of the quake was off the western coast of Sumatra, near Aceh province, which was hit very hard.
The quake caused a wall of water that hit the coast of Sumatra. The waves of this so-called tsunami reached in some places a height of ten meters. In total there were more than 140,000 dead, including just over 95,000 in Sumatra.
In December 2006 the first direct elections held in Aceh after the peace agreement with the rebels. Former rebel leader Irwandi Yusuf became the new governor. Former President Souharto dies in January 2008. In July 2008 shows the final report of the truth commission of Indonesia and East Timo which itemized Indonesia is to offer his apologies for the violence in the struggle for the independence of East Timo.
President Yudhoyono talks remain deep regret but real apology omitted. In the parliamentary elections of May 2009 Yudhoyono's party wins vote, in July 2009 he wins the presidential election. Muslim cleric Abu Bakar Bashir was arrested in August 2010. Bashir is known as the leader of the terrorist group Jemaah Islamiyah, which has links to al-Qaida and was behind the bombings in Bali in 2002. In addition, more than 200 people were killed, mostly tourists from Australia. In 2011, the Dutch government apologize for the massacre in Rawagade during the independence war.
In 2013, the excuses are repeated in a more general sense. At the April 2014 elections, the PDI-P and Golkar, the largest party. In July 2014, the presidential elections are scheduled. The battle is between Joko Widodo, the governor of Jakarta and former general Prabowo Subianto. On July 22 the kieraad declares that Joko Widodo has become the new president.
Antiquity
Around the 2nd century AD. landed the first Indian merchants in Java, Sumatra and Sulawesi. From ancient writings it is clear that Indian historians already around 600 BC. reported some Java. The influence of these Indians reached far, but especially the ruling class took a lot of these people, especially Hinduism. The many loanwords which are reflected in the current Indonesian language, are clear evidence of the strong Indian influences. In the 5th century, developed in Java Brahmanical sects that worshiped the Hindu god Shiva.
In the 7th century Sriwijaya kingdom came on strong in the south of Sumatra, the trading empire Malacca and Sumatra and controlled shipping from India to China. In Java, especially on the coast, flourished rich and powerful Hindu-Javanese states, inter alia, Kediri, Sailendra (Buddhist mountain princes) and Papajaran.
Buddhism is also not negligible as a modifier in this development: it had no rasvooroordelen and spread a strong missionary activity tone. The adherents of Hinduism and Buddhism survived otherwise peacefully.
By the end of the 10th century Java and Sumatra battled for supremacy. The conquests of Airlangga (to 1042), a balance of power was reached in the archipelago: Java controlled east, west Sumatra. Sriwijaya had gradually weakened, partly due to a robbery of the Southern Indian Cholas in Malaya and Sumatra. The balance of power remained until the 13th century exist.
Majapahit era, the Golden Age of Indonesia
In the 14th century Majapahit Empire, the main state of Indonesia, and was also the last Javanese-Hindu kingdom. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Muslim merchants put ashore and found particularly in Sumatra and Java well organized kingdoms; Borneo was much less the case and on Sulawesi that was hardly the case. How strong the influence from India has been shown by the Indian script was used in many places to the 20th century.
Arabs were in fact already come to Indonesia in the 4th century to trade. In the 14th century the activities of the Arab traders were considerably expanded towards Indonesia. Inevitably did gradually Islam entered the archipelago, primarily from northern Sumatra and Java later on. In general one can say that Islam had the most success in those areas where Hinduism had been the least foothold. Late 15th century were the first two major cities full Islamic Demak and Cirebon on Java.
A little later there was the Hindu Majapahit Empire nothing left and replaced by some twenty Islamic kingdoms scattered throughout the archipelago. Hindu princes often converted to Islam from monetary gain, and the people followed that example without many problems. For instance, the Islamic at that time had a great influence on the development of Indonesia in various fields.
The Portuguese period
The Portuguese did not last very long period, from about 1511 (conquest of Malacca) to about 1662. They were, however, who brought European civilization and culture to Indonesia, including Roman Catholicism and the Portuguese language, which in the 16th century trade language or 'lingua franca' of the archipelago. Noteworthy was that the Portuguese fully focus on trade and the spread of Christianity, rather than conquering territories. Yet they did not have much influence on the major international trade routes as later the Dutch.
In 1570, the Portuguese killed to get a sultan, so more favors from his successor. But the people picked this out and chased the Portuguese from the island of Ternate. Later it would turn out that this was the beginning of the end of the superiority of the Portuguese in Indonesia.
The great influence of the Portuguese expressed itself in the language, the music, the import of tobacco and the design and construction of ships.
In the early 16th century also created a new Islamic state in Aceh (Aceh).
Indonesia under the Dutch East India Company and as a colony of the Netherlands
With the arrival of the Dutch in 1596 began a new and radical chapter in the history of Indonesia, a chapter that would last more than three centuries. To give the market more structure in this area was established in 1602 the Dutch East India Company (VOC), which had full control over the archipelago after several years. The Dutch claimed an Indian government under a governor-general and in 1619 Jan Pietersz Coen of Jacatra made the capital city of Batavia. He also managed to keep the English out of the archipelago. In the eighteenth century gradually the power of the VOC ever taken less and worldwide by the British.
In 1798, all assets and liabilities of the VOC were taken over by the state. The once mighty East India Company ceased to exist in December 1799 and at that time began constitutionally given the colonial period of the Dutch East Indies.
To counter the other European powers to protect were founded everywhere fortified 'factories or trading posts at strategic locations. From 1808 the Dutch authority was strengthened under Governor General Daendels. At one time the Dutch were increasingly involved in the internal affairs of the Indonesian different states. In 1830 the infamous culture system was introduced, which almost entirely Java was in fact a labor camp run by the state. The farmers were forced to grow specific crops, including due to a severe famine in 1849-1850 in the rice region Cirebon.
The English were from the early 17th century, the main competitors for the VOC. Despite agreements between the English and Dutch trading companies, the various parties clashed frequently with each other. From 1811-1816 Java was occupied was stormed and destroyed by an English expeditionary force, and the "Kraton" Sultan in Yogyakarta. Stamford Raffles, emissary of the English East India Company and founder of Singapore, was appointed governor. In 1816 most areas were returned to the Dutch (according to the London Convention of 1814), and in 1824 completely the British withdrew from Indonesia.
Dutch colonial rule was based on a racial cabinet structure and was controlled by a sophisticated system officials. With only a few tens of thousands of civil servants the vast archipelago was then controlled efficiently.
Inevitably in a situation of oppression by another nation is the rise of nationalist sentiments. The first nationalists were aristocrats and intellectuals, led by the son of a Javanese sultan, Diponegoro. After an incident was a holy guerrilla war (1825-1830; Java War) in 1825, which unleashed some 15,000 Dutch and 250,000 Indonesians were killed.
Most Indonesians indeed died from infectious diseases. was the system of forced cultures abolished again in 1854 after the constitutional reform of 1848 in the Netherlands.
Beginning in 1873 began the Aceh War, a chronic guerrilla war as a result of the plans of the Dutch to annex the independent Aceh. Only in 1898, when Van Heutz and Snouck were appointed military governor and adviser on Arab and Native Affairs, a start was made effective, often bloody, occupation completely Aceh. To regularly attacks were committed on Dutch on the eve of World War II.
In 1905, the mighty Russia was defeated by Japan and the little that was good news for the nationalists. Nevertheless, the Netherlands was around that time already engaged in the so-called 'ethical policy', with the aim of the importance of indigenous peoples and promote its education toward independence, especially through better education. Indonesia, however, came in 1911, currently wholly owned by the Dutch, although they then immediately again began to lose their grip on the country. To counter this talented Indonesians were sent to the Netherlands to pursue a higher education. But it backfired because these new intellectuals later became the fiercest nationalists and the Dutch were in fact unnecessary. During the period of the First World War caused many nationalist organizations, especially among the Javanese population. In 1927, the Partai Indonesian nationalist (PNI) was founded openly independence (Merdeka) pursued and was inspired by the Indian Mahatma Gandhi.
This party was led by Sukarno, which quickly developed into a major political personality through his actions. Previously had been founded in 1908, Budi Utomo ( "Clean pursuit), and the Sarekat Islam, a mass movement based on Islamic principles in 1912.
The global economic crisis, the Dutch and the Indonesians came under increasing clash. The exploitation of all mineral resources was raised in Indonesia and political concessions were all reversed.
A very violent police kept the Indonesians in check and nationalist leaders like Sukarno, Hatta and Sjahrir were arrested. Furthermore, all political parties were banned and all this naturally led to an increase in anti-Dutch vote. The establishment of a House of Assembly in 1918 was no more than a fake parliament. Thus Soetjardo rejected the petition in 1938, which should result in Indonesia along the path of gradualism would have an independent place within the rich context to it.
WWII
The Japanese promised the Indonesian nationalists and orthodox Muslims eventually independence, but it soon became clear that the intention was to Indonesia in the final to take on Japanese empire, politically and economically was entirely subservient to Japan. The methods used by the Japanese in order to achieve this ultimately proved even more cruel than under the Dutch was the case. Meanwhile, the economic situation deteriorated, especially in the countryside, fast. Thus came to a halt large agricultural enterprises and the situation was exacerbated by the demand of rice for the Japanese forces and the recruitment of manpower, "romushas.
Important for the nationalists was that Sukarno by the Japanese was appointed governor and thereby given the opportunity to develop the Indonesian population in a smart way. Thus, the language was the Bahasa Indonesia, a great symbol of national identity and was transformed the storm armed country after the war, erected by the Japanese to a revolutionary militia, which fought against the Dutch.
When the Japanese also members of the first losses, power was increasingly placed in the hands of the Indonesians.
Indonesia becomes independent
On July 21, 1947 Netherlands began its first police action, which was stopped by the intervention of the United Nations on August 5. Within the republic seething between the various groups, which resulted in an uprising against the pro-Dutch government, led by the Communist Party PKI.
In 1948 there was an ultra-conservative government in the Netherlands in power who decided to bomb in December of that year, Yogyakarta and occupied by Dutch paratroopers. However, the second police action failed utterly. Sukarno and many members of his revolutionary government were captured, but the Dutch suffered a lot of opposition from the Republican Indonesians. The term 'merdeka', which means freedom, was at that time on everyone's lips.
After world opinion and the United Nations more and more lined up behind the Indonesians was quickly done with the Dutch occupation of Indonesia. In 1948, the US Congress decided to suspend the Marshall aid and the Netherlands contributed on December 27, 1949 sovereignty over a free and independent Indonesia. Initially Netherlands and Indonesia were still squeezed into a union, which has however been raised on 17 August. Only in the South Moluccas, which was declared an independent republic in April 1950, was offered armed resistance against this development, particularly by former KNIL soldiers.
After independence
The early years of the new state, however, were far from easy. Cabinets came and went in quick succession and in 1955 there were 169 political parties in the battle went for 257 seats in parliament. Sukarno saw with sorrow and decided to intervene. He chose the 'guided democracy' and installed a National Council, which consisted of members of his choice. The traditional 'mufakat' was introduced, which meant decision-making by consensus. Political parties and legislative authority were put offside in this system and even dissolved. Also put an end to press freedom.
All this was imposed on the other islands from Java, so it felt neglected and eventually rebelled. In February 1959 a rebellion broke out in Sumatra and North Sulawesi. Demanded was more self-determination by the Muslim-oriented islands. The revolt was beaten by troops of Sukarno within months.
In 1962, Sukarno wanted to finally take West New Guinea and the United States also exerted strong pressure on the Netherlands to enter the island. In the same year the Netherlands contributed the territory over to the United Nations, which in turn in 1963 handed over to Indonesia. They have demanded that there should be issued free elections within five years. In 1969, all parties agreed that would integrate Western New Guinea and the Republic of Indonesia.
Late fifties Indonesia was increasingly become a dictatorship and early sixties entered the country from the United Nations and was fiercely anti-Western and militant. Sukarno suggested Indonesia on par with the equally anti-imperialist China. Sukarno had been so useful to forge together all the different groups and ideologies into one. Self-Glorification was taking no surprise and that was reflected in the construction of prestigious stadiums and other buildings, and sculptures that made strongly reminiscent of Soviet-style. On the other hand, inflation rose gigantic national debt went up steeply and layers of various groups as soldiers, Muslims and communists ready to take up the torch, if necessary through a coup. It also formed a sharp contrast between the military leadership and the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI).
Coup d'etat
On the night of September 30, 1965, six generals were kidnapped and murdered. Suharto, a hitherto unknown General set up a reserve unit, the Kostrad, to learn the "Communist conspirators' a lesson. Finally ran this situation from a political massacre in which about half a million people were murdered in cold blood. At that time the Communist Party was disbanded and the army took over the reins.
Became president in 1967. Suharto, who took power base in the army. Indonesia received financial help from all sides, especially from the Netherlands and the United States. The land became economically more dependent on the West. Inside, the people were very dissatisfied with the corruption and developing the economy and the Suharto regime tried with strong repressive measures to maintain order. In 1969, West New Guinea joined permanently at Indonesia and further a political reorganization took place, in the sense that merged a number of groups, and as Sekber Golkar continued. This party was strongly supported by the government and therefore won more than the general election of 1971.
In 1975, the Portuguese troops of East Timor and the liberation movement FRETILIN tried left take power. Suharto grabbed however hard and on 17 July, East Timor unilaterally, under protest by the United Nations as 27th province annexed by Indonesia.
The 1982 and 1987 elections were again won by the Golkar Party, despite discontent and social unrest.
In 1984 came a number of Islamic groups rebelled against the curtailment of their freedoms. There were eighteen deaths, followed by bomb attacks on Chinese companies and banks.
became known in the course of 1990 that the government wanted to implement a policy of 'openness'. This resulted in more press freedom and a rapprochement Suharto to Islam. Also noted was the army killed dozens of protesters in 1991, and Suharto's army blamed. The years 1991 and 1992 were also marked by tensions in Aceh, resulting in thousands of deaths. In March 1993, Suharto was elected for six consecutive president. He had to General Soetrino, the candidate of the army, accepting as vice president.
Mid-nineties, the economy grew strongly, but the gap between rich and poor was widening. This had major social tensions resulted, which was further reinforced by a rising unemployment rate and numerous corruption scandals.
In 1996, some new opposition parties were banned and the leader of the Democratic Party, Megawati Sukarnoputri, overturned. The general elections of May 1997 were again won by the Golkar Party, and despite wave of political violence. Only the Muslim PPP managed to extend its supporters and obtained 23% of votes.
The fall of Suharto
Beginning in May 1998 arose in several cities riots, especially ethnic Chinese had to pay for it; a hundred Chinese women were raped and in total there were 1200 deaths.
On May 18 the President of the People's Congress and the Golkar called on the president to resign. Suharto tried to set up a national committee, but the important religious leaders and many ministers refused to participate in this session. In the closely driven decided which when Suharto to resign. Vice President Habibie was then sworn in as president and the newly constituted government disappeared everyone who belonged to the clan of Suharto.
Habibie period
Under the new regime, there was a greater degree of press freedom, which outrages of the army in East Timor, Aceh and Irian Jaya were known. The corruption and self-enrichment of Suharto were broadly made public, but students continued to demand far-reaching reforms. Suharto would not only have to answer according to the students but also the People's Congress which, after all, was still appointed by Suharto. Against the students were loud and occurred only fourteen were already dead in Jakarta.
After the disappearance of Suharto remained still unsettled in Indonesia. Early 1999 broke serious unrest in the Moluccas and Borneo, which claimed hundreds of victims.
In January 1999 President Habibie announced against the wishes of the military a referendum on the future of East Timor. The East Timorese opposition agreed to this because it thought that the people would opt for independence. In particular forces in the army did not let East Timor, and recruited militias which had intimidated the population so that they would opt for autonomy within Indonesia.
Yet chose a large majority of 78.5% for independence. When the results were announced on 4 September, the militia went for help from the army to the scorched earth, leaving about 200,000 people mainly were driven into West Timor. This United Nations put the country under so much pressure that the Indonesian government allowed the arrival of UN troops. The imprisoned leader of the East Timorese resistance Gusmao, was released in September and returned in early November 1999 return to East Timor, which remained provisionally under UN supervision.
Abdurrahman Wahid Period
There was a sharp contrast between the camp of Megawati on the one hand and that of Habibie's Golkar supported by some Islamist parties on the other. In order to break this polarization was nearly blind Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur called by the people) by Amien Rais third candidate put forward for the presidency. The army supported this proposal when Wahid was elected president and Megawati elected at the insistence of Wahid vice president.
Wahids' brief reign was characterized by constant quarrels between the various political factions, a declining economy and bloody ethnic conflicts, particularly in Aceh, Irian Jaya and the Moluccas. When he was still accused of incompetence and corruption, it was quickly happened to Wahid.
Megawati period
Even under the rule of Megawati broke frequently bloody ethnic and religious conflicts. Against actions of separatist movements in Aceh and Irian Jaya was crackdown by the army. There were thousands of deaths, but Megawati did it necessarily Indonesia keeping her father together.
Early 2002 wrong Indonesia's economy is still in crisis and continued to increase poverty. On October 12 of that year, Indonesia was hit by a very violent extremist attack on Bali. Hundreds of deaths, including many Australians, were the result.
Susilo Bambang Yudhonyo Period
On Boxing Day in 2004, many countries in South Asia affected by a massive natural disaster, including Indonesia.
There was an earthquake of which had a magnitude of 9.0 on the Richter scale. The epicenter of the quake was off the western coast of Sumatra, near Aceh province, which was hit very hard.
The quake caused a wall of water that hit the coast of Sumatra. The waves of this so-called tsunami reached in some places a height of ten meters. In total there were more than 140,000 dead, including just over 95,000 in Sumatra.
In December 2006 the first direct elections held in Aceh after the peace agreement with the rebels. Former rebel leader Irwandi Yusuf became the new governor. Former President Souharto dies in January 2008. In July 2008 shows the final report of the truth commission of Indonesia and East Timo which itemized Indonesia is to offer his apologies for the violence in the struggle for the independence of East Timo.
President Yudhoyono talks remain deep regret but real apology omitted. In the parliamentary elections of May 2009 Yudhoyono's party wins vote, in July 2009 he wins the presidential election. Muslim cleric Abu Bakar Bashir was arrested in August 2010. Bashir is known as the leader of the terrorist group Jemaah Islamiyah, which has links to al-Qaida and was behind the bombings in Bali in 2002. In addition, more than 200 people were killed, mostly tourists from Australia. In 2011, the Dutch government apologize for the massacre in Rawagade during the independence war.
In 2013, the excuses are repeated in a more general sense. At the April 2014 elections, the PDI-P and Golkar, the largest party. In July 2014, the presidential elections are scheduled. The battle is between Joko Widodo, the governor of Jakarta and former general Prabowo Subianto. On July 22 the kieraad declares that Joko Widodo has become the new president.
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