Rahim Tabet | Februari 22, 2016 |
Burundi
Unlike most other African countries were Burundi, at the time of colonization, as a political entity. The kingdom of Burundi was added in 1899 in German East Africa and came in 1916 under Belgian administration. In January 1962 Burundi became independent.
The history of Burundi is characterized by frequent changes of political elite, wherein often there was violent revolts (in particular, in 1965, 1969, 1972, 1988 and 1993). Especially in 1972, much blood shed: there are approximately 250,000 people died. About 150,000 people fled the country, including to the former Zaire and Tanzania, where a large group still resides today.
From independence until 1993 Burundi experienced three republics, which were terminated in any unconstitutional manner. After independence in 1962, won the "Union pour le progrès national (UPRONA) elections. In 1976, Jean-Baptiste Bagaza seized power (at the expense of Michel Micombero, President of the First Republic), chance to be marketed in 1987 by Major Pierre Buyoya.
This began a process of political reforms that led in 1992 to a new constitution, the introduction of a multiparty democracy and universal suffrage. In the elections of June 1993 the Hutu Melchior Ndadaye was (Frodebu) elected president, a milestone in Burundi's history since it was first elected a Hutu president. Buyoya stepped back and peaceful international was hope that Burundi could be a symbol for peaceful democratic transition in Africa.
These hopes were dashed abruptly when Ndadaye was assassinated in October 1993, which led to widespread violence and reprisals between the Hutu and Tutsi populations. Tens of thousands were killed and hundreds of thousands fled to Tanzania and Zaire. After the assassination of Burundi governed by a series of weak and internally divided governments was and unrest persisted. In March 1996 the UN Special Rapporteur for Human Rights characterizing the conflict as "genocide by attrition." A few months later, Major Buyoya seized power again, which neighbors proclaimed sanctions against Burundi. This continued until January 1999 in force.
After two and a half years was negotiated under the leadership of former Tanzanian President Nyerere, and after his death by former President Mandela of South Africa, signed the Arusha peace agreement in August 2000 by the Burundian government and 17 armed groups. The armed resistance of the "Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie (FDD) and the" Palipehutu-Forces Nationales pour la Libération (Palipehutu-FNL) did not participate in the negotiations.
On November 1, 2001 under President Buyoya joined a transitional government, made up of almost all political parties. On April 1, 2003, he was succeeded by the Hutu Domitien Ndayizeye (Frodebu). On November 16, 2003 also joined the CNDD-FDD joined the transitional government. Only the FNL still refuses to lay down their weapons (though currently it again negotiations take place between the government and rebels). On June 3, 2005 the people of Burundi have elected municipal councils and the Parliament on 4 July. On July 29 the local and provincial councilors are elected members of the Senate.
Parliament then elected on 19 August Pierre Nkurunziza as President of Burundi. The transition phase has come to an end with the inauguration of President Nkurunziza (CNDD-FDD) in August 2005. In September 2006, in Tanzania is a ceasefire between the government and the FLN. In April 2008 it is again restless, the FLN is accused of a mortar attack on Bujumbura. A UN mission to monitor the peace process is delayed. In April 2009 Godefroid Niyombare appointed as army chief, the first Hutu exercising this function.
President Nkurunziza wins in the June 2010 presidential elections, which were boycotted by the opposition. In August 2013 Agathon Rwasa explains the leader of the FLN that he wants to participate in 2015 presidential elections. In January 2014 Burkina Faso send a battalion to the Central African Republic to participate there with the international force. In March 2014 Parliament blocked an attempt to change the constitution because they are afraid that this will upset the balance between the different ethnic groups.
This began a process of political reforms that led in 1992 to a new constitution, the introduction of a multiparty democracy and universal suffrage. In the elections of June 1993 the Hutu Melchior Ndadaye was (Frodebu) elected president, a milestone in Burundi's history since it was first elected a Hutu president. Buyoya stepped back and peaceful international was hope that Burundi could be a symbol for peaceful democratic transition in Africa.
These hopes were dashed abruptly when Ndadaye was assassinated in October 1993, which led to widespread violence and reprisals between the Hutu and Tutsi populations. Tens of thousands were killed and hundreds of thousands fled to Tanzania and Zaire. After the assassination of Burundi governed by a series of weak and internally divided governments was and unrest persisted. In March 1996 the UN Special Rapporteur for Human Rights characterizing the conflict as "genocide by attrition." A few months later, Major Buyoya seized power again, which neighbors proclaimed sanctions against Burundi. This continued until January 1999 in force.
On November 1, 2001 under President Buyoya joined a transitional government, made up of almost all political parties. On April 1, 2003, he was succeeded by the Hutu Domitien Ndayizeye (Frodebu). On November 16, 2003 also joined the CNDD-FDD joined the transitional government. Only the FNL still refuses to lay down their weapons (though currently it again negotiations take place between the government and rebels). On June 3, 2005 the people of Burundi have elected municipal councils and the Parliament on 4 July. On July 29 the local and provincial councilors are elected members of the Senate.
Parliament then elected on 19 August Pierre Nkurunziza as President of Burundi. The transition phase has come to an end with the inauguration of President Nkurunziza (CNDD-FDD) in August 2005. In September 2006, in Tanzania is a ceasefire between the government and the FLN. In April 2008 it is again restless, the FLN is accused of a mortar attack on Bujumbura. A UN mission to monitor the peace process is delayed. In April 2009 Godefroid Niyombare appointed as army chief, the first Hutu exercising this function.
President Nkurunziza wins in the June 2010 presidential elections, which were boycotted by the opposition. In August 2013 Agathon Rwasa explains the leader of the FLN that he wants to participate in 2015 presidential elections. In January 2014 Burkina Faso send a battalion to the Central African Republic to participate there with the international force. In March 2014 Parliament blocked an attempt to change the constitution because they are afraid that this will upset the balance between the different ethnic groups.
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