Rahim Tabet | Februari 23, 2016 |
Kenya
According to palaeontologists as the famous Richard Leakey is the Rift Valley, which also runs through Kenya, the "cradle of mankind". In any case, one of the skulls found in the area around Lake Turkana about 2.5 million years old, and comes from the so-called "gay habilis." Ca. 4000 years ago, Kenya was inhabited by the Khoisan which were related to southern African nations. After that Kenya has become an immigration country par excellence, inter alia by the fertile soil in this part of Africa. For example, in Kenya practically all the major languages of Africa.
The first group of migrants was Cushites-nomadic people from Ethiopia around 2000 BC. They were shepherds and so dependent on pasture for their cattle and goats. After climate changes that negatively affect the landscape had pulled this people south towards Tanzania. A second group, Eastern Cushites, this group followed around 1000 BC. and settled in Central Kenya. The rest of the many tribes and peoples arrived between 500 BC. and 500 AD .: Bantu-speaking peoples as the Gusii, Kikuyu, the Akamba and Meru from West Africa and Nilotisch-speaking peoples like the Maasai, Luo, Samburu and Turkana from the Nile Valley in South Sudan.
Portuguese rule
From the 8th century the coastal region of Kenya was visited by Muslims from the Arabian Peninsula. They had no intention to conquer the area but mainly traded. Many settled permanently and mingled with the African population.
This gave rise to a series of coastal towns along the East African coast from Somalia to Mozambique, often used as storage facilities where the ships were provisioned for the Indian trade routes. Although there are inevitable rivalry between those cities, it was a fairly peaceful area until the 16th century. All this was shattered by the arrival of Portuguese explorers and traders. While the Spaniards went to America, the Portuguese were trying to consolidate their grip on the spice routes to the Far East.
In 1498 completed a Portuguese expedition led by Vasco da Gama Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and sailed to the east coast of Africa.
They were received there very hostile, but found their happiness a sultan in Malindi who showed them the routes to India. In 1502 Vasco da Gama returned along with another expedition.
From 1505 began the onslaught of the Portuguese by the armada of Dom Francisco de Almeida. Sofala was looted and burned to the ground far, was occupied Kilwa and Mombasa was taken after shelling from the ships and street fighting. Mombasa was again sacked in 1528 by Nuna da Cunha. Despite attempts by the Ottoman Turks in 1585 and 1589 to regain control over the region, the Arab monopoly of the Indian trade routes had finally ended. After this violent time for Kenya broke two centuries of colonial rule strictly on. There tributes were levied and all non-Portuguese ships had to pay a lot of money to be able to dock at the port. Minor offenses were heavily fined.
This economic exploitation went hand in hand with the conversion of the population to Catholicism, or at least attempted, because it did not really. In 1593 Fort Jesus was built and thereby Mombasa became the main Portuguese outpost. Yet the Portuguese to these and other items not control, inter alia, that they had to be supplied from Goa in western India. For various reasons, this did not always work (storms, pirates). Moreover, it soon became apparent that Portugal was a small country to manage such a huge empire. The end of Portuguese rule in East Africa was fast approaching when the Arabs took in 1698 Fort Jesus. Around 1720 the Portuguese would forever leave the east coast of Kenya.
Arab domination
The Arabs continued to keep control of the East African coast until the British and the Germans arrived in the late 19th century. The devastation from the Portuguese period had taken its toll and the constant bickering between the Arab governors caused a decline in trade and prosperity. Throughout the 18th century settled several dynasties in Oman along the east coast of Africa. Although they do not much go basically under control were the Sultan of Oman, there was in practice and it was not until the reign of Seyyid Said in 1805 prior to taking control of the case.
The Omanieten had built up a strong fleet and thus Seyyid Said was the East African dynasties in line. In 1822 he sent an army to the major cities of Mombasa, Pate and Pemba to subjugate, which were controlled at that time by the Mazrui clan. The Mazrui called on the British to help, who immediately sent two warships. The British took no problems in Fort Jesus, hoisted the British flag and shouted the fort into a British protectorate. Three years later, the British government pushed the protectorate again and a year later the fort was again occupied by Seyyid Said. From there clove plantations were established on the island of Zanzibar off the Tanzanian coast, and in 1832 he even moved the capital to Zanzibar.
British colonization
Mid-19th century were the various European nations, including the British and Germans, growing interest in the East African coast. The British were interested i.v.m. the abolition of slavery and soon founded a consulate in Zanzibar. Later, the two countries agreed (Helgoland Treaty) which Britain would now control about Kenya, Zanzibar and Uganda. Germany got in exchange the hitherto British Helgoland in Denmark and the current Tanzania. The limits that were set when consist for a large part is still. A part of the agreement was that the sultan of Zanzibar a 16-kilometer-wide coastal strip was allowed to keep under British protectorate. This agreement was valid until the independence of Kenya, when the last sultan of Zanzibar, Seyyid Khalifa, gave back the land to the Kenyan government.
The interior of Kenya, especially the Rift Valley and the Aberdare mountain range, remained untouched by Europeans until the eighties of the nineteenth century. The warlike reputation of the Maasai was enough to keep the European missionaries and Arab slave traders from their homes. But could not last long, because at that time the whole of Africa had already crossed almost by explorers, biologists, archaeologists, anthropologists and adventurers. Some famous names from that period were the German Gustav Fischer, the Scot Joseph Thomson, the Austrian Count Teleki von Szek and the Anglican bishop James Hannington. By the end of the 19th century, the power of the Maasai tribe, however, weakened by a war between two tribes and by diseases that hit both humans and animals.
The British could now more easily negotiate with Olonana, the "Laibon" (sort of spiritual leader). Armed with this agreement, the British started immediately with the construction of the railway Mombasa-Uganda, through the heart of Maasai land. Halfway through the railway is now the capital Nairobi where soon the colonial administration moved more from Mombasa. White settlers went north of Nairobi in search of fertile farmland. Clashes between settlers and Maasai were inevitable and in consultation with the Maasai Olonana were allocated two plots of land, north and south of the railway.
British colonists left, however, soon set their sights on the land north of the railroad and the Maasai were forced under protest Olonana in 1910- 1911 to move to the southern part. Often they remained nothing more than to be employed by the white farmers. The Kikuyu tribe had much to suffer from the loss of land to British settlers. Resistance was almost impossible given the military superiority of the Europeans. Other major tribes like the Luo and Luyha and tribes in the northeast were hardly bothered. The white settlers were led by political leader Lord Delamere, which, however, hardly knew anything about the country of the diseases and animal life. It keep very detailed scale of sheep and growing grain than was disastrous for the landscape. Meanwhile, Britain moved the board again from Zanzibar to Mombasa and from there to Nairobi in 1907. Since 1912 they held a more realistic, more varied agricultural policy after, among others, with coffee plantations.
During the First World War, two thirds of the 3,000 settlers called up and used as cavalry against the Germans in Tanganyika. They even managed to dislodge the Germans to Central Africa. After the war, colonization was resumed and the number of settlers had increased in 1920 to 9000; in 1950 to 80,000. War veterans from Europe for example, land was engaged in predatory pricing. In 1920, Kenya officially became a British crown colony. Only the coastal strip remained in possession of the sultan of Zanzibar.
Meanwhile migrated more and more Kikuyus to Nairobi or been involved in one way or another in the colonial economy. The displeasure grew just about taking away their land and there were a number of organizations whose purpose was to give back the expropriated land to the Kikuyu. One of the first leaders, Harry Thuku, was arrested in 1922 for his political activities for the banned East African Association. Then pulled out a group of Africans to the police station in Nairobi where Thuku was imprisoned. Nobody knew after what had happened, but when the smoke went up, there were slain at least 21 Kikuyus. Other reports spoke of a hundred deaths. Thuku was only released in 1930 after he had promised to cooperate with the British authorities. The Kikuyus he was considered since then as a collaborator.
Jomo Kenyatta
Another star in the firmament Kikuyu was Johnstone Kamau, later better known as Jomo Kenyatta. At 29 he moved to Nairobi and soon he became secretary propaganda of the East African Association, something that did him good because of his great oratorical talents. This organization was created to bring about land reform, raise wages and improve educational and medical facilities for the people of Africa. The African population had at that time as the lowest paid jobs and could not get in some hotels and restaurants. Officially had already determined in 1923 that the interests of Africans always but in practice it did not, of course.
Kenyatta signaled this and joined the somewhat fanatical Kikuyu Central Association and became its secretary general. From 1929 to 1946 Kenyatta traveled the world and performed everywhere ideas that might come in handy later on his land. When he returned permanently in 1946 to Kenya, he was the undisputed leader of the Kenyan independence movement. During World War II recruiting all colonial powers African troops to fight in Europe. Unintended side effects as a result of their experiences in the Army was that they saw that the Europeans were not omnipotent, that they could be defeated. Moreover, they were now trained in the use of modern weapons. When the African soldiers therefore came back they used to take this knowledge to actively participate in various campaigns that focused on change.
The main political organization at that time was the Kenya African Union (KAU), first passed by Harry Thuku, followed by James Gichuru, who resigned again in favor of Jomo Kenyatta after his return from Britain. To the wishes of the KAU however, emerged barely listened and as a result there are secret societies in many tribes. The best-known society would be the Mau Mau movement, founded in 1952, which consisted of Kikuyus whole and aimed to expel the settlers from Kenya.
In 1953 the Mau Mau rebellion began with the killing of a herd of animals of a white farmer. A few weeks later assassinated 21 British-minded Kikuyus. The government declared a state of emergency and began confining Kikuyus in so-called "protected villages" that were surrounded by barbed wire and trenches with booby traps. Furthermore, there were about 20,000 Kikuyus recruited to help the British to suppress the uprising. The rebellion ended in 1956 on the side of the Africans more than 13,500 deaths and just over 100 casualties on the side of the Europeans. Another 20,000 Kikuyus were captured after which many died under appalling conditions. Kenyatta was arrested in 1953 as suspected leader of the Mau Mau- movement, something he probably never has been. In 1956 there was first talk with Africans to resolve the political conflict. In 1957, eight additional Africans were allowed to represent their nations in parliament. Among them, the young activist Daniel arap Moi, who would become later President of Kenya.
Kenyatta was released in 1959 but immediately placed under house arrest. The rebellion shocked the settlers and led to the creation of several Caucasian political parties and also the departure of many settlers in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), South Africa and Australia. Some parties wanted a split of the country into a black and white Kenya. Other parties want democratic elections, and that would be at the Lancaster House Conference of 1960 be adopted as the way forward. The date for independence was adopted on a day in December 1963 and the Kenyan government even got $ 100 million to buy out white farmers.
Meanwhile, the KAU was split into a movement that advocated (KANU = Kenya African National Union), a centrally-led government in Nairobi and a movement that opted for a federal state to avoid Kikuyu majeure (Kadu = Kenya African Democratic Union). Most whites naturally supported the Kadu. In 1961, Kenyatta was released from prison and elected president of the KANU. He tried to reassure the settlers, they would have nothing to fear in an independent Kenya that would be their experience needed. He wanted to show the world that two totally different cultures could live together peacefully. And so Kenyatta changed in the eyes of the settlers of a feared Mau Mau leader in a respected statesman.
The two parties formed a coalition government in 1962, but after the first general elections in May 1963 Kenyatta and KANU were the first prime minister in power. At that time, Kenya was given control over all domestic affairs. Defense and foreign affairs remained in the hands of the British. On December 12, 1963 Kenya became fully independent with Kenyatta as its first president.
In 1964, Kenya was virtually a one-party state that the Kadu raised himself. Kenya was also a parliament with only one room.
In 1966, an opposition party was once founded by Luo Oginga Odinga. Odinga that ended several times in prison on conspiracy theories against the government. Tom Mboya, a Luo and seen as a future presidential candidate, was shot dead in 1969 by a Kikuyu. Also J.N. Kariuki, a very popular Kikuyu who expressed fanatical about the new black elite and the related corruption, was murdered in 1975. Other opponents of Kenyatta were regularly arrested and detained without trial for a long time.
Period after Kenyatta
On August 12, 1978 died Kenya's first president Jomo Kenyatta. Kenyatta was succeeded by Kenyatta's vice president Daniel arap Moi, a member of the Tugen tribe. He declared war on corruption and cronyism and amnesty for all prisoners but his reign the first year was marked by arrests of dissidents, the dissolution of tribalism and the closure of some universities. Often happened that after alleged conspiracy theories against the government. In any case was criticized Moi and his government absolutely not be tolerated. In August 1982 there was a coup attempt by the Kenyan Air Force, supported by students from Nairobi University. The coup was beaten down by pro-government forces and took 120 lives. Twelve leaders were sentenced to death and 900 others were sentenced to prison terms. The entire air force was replaced by new units.
After this first coup attempt more would have more followed, but details on this are never made public.
President Moi was re-elected in March 1987 through a highly controversial voting system. After the elections, Moi appointed no fewer than 33 ministers and some key opposition politicians mouth was gagged after allegations of ballot tampering. There was still on top of that Moi considerably increased the presidential power by granting the right of judges and senior officials at its own discretion to appoint or dismiss. From that time the political opposition was made basically silenced. The KANU strengthened its powerful position through the KANU Youth Wing, the youth wing of the party, however, was also used to disrupt demonstrations and opposition figures harass or intimidate. Also were opposition leaders Mwai Kibaki and Kenneth Matiba put in prison without trial. The opposition had to come from the church. Several Kenyan religious leaders of Christian churches allowed themselves highly critical of the government of Moi. However, they were threatened with imprisonment and persecution.
But the times were changing; multiparty systems strike across Africa kicking and Kenya could this not escape. After the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union settled the West, among others focus on Africa. Until then it had supported many corrupt totalitarian regimes as long as they showed no communist sympathies. The Kenyan government felt itself quickly put under pressure by a number of donor countries to introduce a multi-party system as quickly as possible to write a date for elections, otherwise the financial assistance would be stopped. To achieve this quickly was provisionally suspended all aid in early 1992 and so the government was forced to work with.
The opposition, united in the FORD (Forum for the Restoration of Democracy) appeared to win the upcoming elections. But the opposition did himself the tie around. The three leaders, Odinga, Kibaki and Matiba would actually prefer to be self-President of Kenya. Therefore, they split the Ford in Ford-Kenya with Odinga, FORD-Asili with Matiba and the Democratic Party with Kibaki. At that time, the probability of an electoral victory was already gone. Meanwhile, Moi crowds for $ 250 million Kenyan shillings that were not backed by gold reserves. This money was given to the population every 500 Ksh. Although Moi knew that the economy would collapse by this action, it was enough to attract many votes in elections. The tribes asset was completely played out again. He admitted that the Kalenjin tribe (his birthplace) fights provoked by Kikuyu farmers.
There are hundreds of deaths and injuries fell by the fighting and thousands were driven from their homes. He tried to hold the elections in the last week of December on a weekday. This would allow tens of thousands of voters, especially in Nairobi and other major cities, can not vote because they had to vote in the place where they were registered. International observers were only a few days before flown.
The elections themselves were relatively fair, but the damage was already done long. Moi and KANU won the election with only one third of the votes. If the opposition united left they had definitely won. After the elections were various members of parliament on the opposition to KANU. The press scurried about voter fraud and that KANU would have this money paid for but could ultimately prove nothing. THE KANU had little to fear more the opposition, which was very divided again who would be the opposition leader.
In 1995, a new opposition party was founded. The Safina, founded by the white paleontologist Richard Leakey, Raila Odinga and Paul Muite tried to unite the splintered opposition. President Moi saw danger and refused to register the party. Leakey was intimidated weeks. Moi bezigde even statements that the whites had nothing to seek in politics and were allowed to make only worry about their economic activities. In 1996, KANU proposed to change the constitution so that Moi could still be a term president.
In July and August 1997 a lot of political and ethnic violence in Nairobi and on the coast with dozens dead and hundreds injured. President Moi who was re-elected in December 1997, was referred to limited reforms. In the parliamentary elections, where ethnic factors played an important role, the ruling party KANU won a slim majority. In the first months of 1998 came in riots over a hundred people dead. On August 7, 1998 Kenya did come very negative international news. A heavy bomb exploded at the US embassy in Nairobi, which collapsed an adjacent office building.
More than 250 people were slain and 5,000 were injured. The suspicion, for the simultaneous attack on the US embassy in the Tanzanian capital Dar es Salaam, focused on a fundamentalist Islamic group that was led by the Saudi Osama bin Laden. In August, Pakistan delivered a Palestinian suspected of Mohammed Saddiq Odeh. He pointed the FBI in Nairobi on evidence. Odeh would have prepared the attack with a Saudi and an Egyptian. There was much criticism of the actions of US Marines from the blast, which gave priority assistance to American victims. But Kenyans cheered here later to American reprisals in Sudan and Afghanistan. President Moi in 1998 signed a law providing for a constitutional amendment. Moi would prefer to constitutional revisions by submitting the parliament, where his party KANU has the majority. Moreover, the parliament voted unanimously for a law that puts the power of the president to tires.
Kenya had 1999 problems at all its borders. Sudan came back up his claim to the Ilemi Triangle, which was under Kenyan control at that time. Conflicts in Somalia and between the Ethiopian army and the Oromo Liberation Front were sometimes fought on Kenyan territory. International made a bad turn Kenya when agents of the Turkish secret service kidnapped the Kurdish leader Ocalan in Nairobi and brought back to Turkey.
In late December 2002, Mwai Kibaki, from the Kikuyu tribe, named the new president of Kenya. He defeated the government candidate Uhuru Kenyatta, the son of the deceased president Kenyatta in 1978, by a large margin. In parliament the twelve National Rainbow Coalition party consisting of the 71-year-old Kibaki took power of the KANU, the party of the outgoing Daniel arap Moi, who was president from 1978. The KANU had to sit down after 39 years in the opposition benches.
The new president and government inheriting the previous government under Moi a country marked by mismanagement and socio-economic failures. Kenyans hoped to see changes that would lead to an increase in prosperity and welfare. To be successful in this, the government would have to deal with poverty, unemployment, crime, corruption and poorly implemented policies and governance. However, the government has some big defeats known tandem with the negative outcome of the referendum on revising the constitution and then by major corruption scandals in January 2006, which became known after the 'no' in the referendum, Kibaki sacked the entire cabinet . However, there was no follow-up, making some key ministers took office again. After five months of recess rebooted the Kenyan Parliament in March 2006. In addition, it presented a major corruption scandal in a report by John Githongo in January 2006 in which it was implied that some ministers were involved in corruption in state contracts.
In the presidential elections of December 2007 Kibaki claims victory. The opposition led by Odinga wins the most seats in parliamentary elections. In February mediates Ban Ki-moon, the President of the UN between the parties. In April 2008 Kibaki and Odinga to agree on the distribution of posts in a new cabinet. In July 2009, the Kenyan government announced that no special tribunal is due to the election violence. In August 2009 Hillary Clinton visits Kenya and criticized the country because of the lack of investigation into the election violence. In October 2009, the government expresses its commitment to the investigation of the International Criminal Court to the election violence. In July 2010 Kenya poses with her neighbors an East African common market. In April 2013 Uhuru Kenyatta was elected 4th President of Kenia.In September 2013 there will find an attack in a shopping center in Nairobi city which is claimed by al-Shabab militants from Somalia. Various attacks are perpetrated in 2014.
Language
In 1974, English was replaced as the official language Kiswahili, a Bantu language. Before the Arabs in the 7th and 8th centuries to Kenya among others came every tribe had its own culture, religion, customs and language. There was little interaction between the tribes themselves. When the Arabs arrived increased communication between the tribes far in connection with the increasing commercial activities.
There quickly emerged a "lingua franca", a common trading language. This language, Kiswahili, was a combination of the Bantu and Arabic. For example, words like ghali (expensive) and kufikiri (worrying) derived directly from Arabic. Kiswahili is just as pronounced as it is written.
Hello - jambo
Thank You - asante
One - moja
Two - Mbili
Three - tatu
Hundred - mia moja
Monday - jumatatu
Tuesday - Jumanne
Friday - ijumaa
Sunday - jumapili
English is still valid and is still widely spoken and many government publications written in English. Also, even given many lectures in English in university, examined and written. In addition, there are many local dialects big differences. These languages of the ethnic groups belong to the Cushitic and Nilotic language group, or a Bantu language.
Another "language" that one can encounter in Kenya is Sheng, spoken mainly by young people in large cities. Actually it is a kind of patois or vernacular relatively new, as it dates back to the colonial era. It is a combination of Kiswahili and English with some influences from Hindi, Gujarati, Kikuyu and several Kenyan dialects and similar in sound much like Kiswahili.
The state broadcaster, the Kenya Broadcasting Corp. since 1959 (Between 1964 and 1988 called Voice of Kenya), which broadcasts in seventeen languages. Since 1962, there's television. The broadcasts mainly in English; the news also in Kiswahili.
Portuguese rule
From the 8th century the coastal region of Kenya was visited by Muslims from the Arabian Peninsula. They had no intention to conquer the area but mainly traded. Many settled permanently and mingled with the African population.
This gave rise to a series of coastal towns along the East African coast from Somalia to Mozambique, often used as storage facilities where the ships were provisioned for the Indian trade routes. Although there are inevitable rivalry between those cities, it was a fairly peaceful area until the 16th century. All this was shattered by the arrival of Portuguese explorers and traders. While the Spaniards went to America, the Portuguese were trying to consolidate their grip on the spice routes to the Far East.
In 1498 completed a Portuguese expedition led by Vasco da Gama Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and sailed to the east coast of Africa.
From 1505 began the onslaught of the Portuguese by the armada of Dom Francisco de Almeida. Sofala was looted and burned to the ground far, was occupied Kilwa and Mombasa was taken after shelling from the ships and street fighting. Mombasa was again sacked in 1528 by Nuna da Cunha. Despite attempts by the Ottoman Turks in 1585 and 1589 to regain control over the region, the Arab monopoly of the Indian trade routes had finally ended. After this violent time for Kenya broke two centuries of colonial rule strictly on. There tributes were levied and all non-Portuguese ships had to pay a lot of money to be able to dock at the port. Minor offenses were heavily fined.
This economic exploitation went hand in hand with the conversion of the population to Catholicism, or at least attempted, because it did not really. In 1593 Fort Jesus was built and thereby Mombasa became the main Portuguese outpost. Yet the Portuguese to these and other items not control, inter alia, that they had to be supplied from Goa in western India. For various reasons, this did not always work (storms, pirates). Moreover, it soon became apparent that Portugal was a small country to manage such a huge empire. The end of Portuguese rule in East Africa was fast approaching when the Arabs took in 1698 Fort Jesus. Around 1720 the Portuguese would forever leave the east coast of Kenya.
Arab domination
The Omanieten had built up a strong fleet and thus Seyyid Said was the East African dynasties in line. In 1822 he sent an army to the major cities of Mombasa, Pate and Pemba to subjugate, which were controlled at that time by the Mazrui clan. The Mazrui called on the British to help, who immediately sent two warships. The British took no problems in Fort Jesus, hoisted the British flag and shouted the fort into a British protectorate. Three years later, the British government pushed the protectorate again and a year later the fort was again occupied by Seyyid Said. From there clove plantations were established on the island of Zanzibar off the Tanzanian coast, and in 1832 he even moved the capital to Zanzibar.
British colonization
The interior of Kenya, especially the Rift Valley and the Aberdare mountain range, remained untouched by Europeans until the eighties of the nineteenth century. The warlike reputation of the Maasai was enough to keep the European missionaries and Arab slave traders from their homes. But could not last long, because at that time the whole of Africa had already crossed almost by explorers, biologists, archaeologists, anthropologists and adventurers. Some famous names from that period were the German Gustav Fischer, the Scot Joseph Thomson, the Austrian Count Teleki von Szek and the Anglican bishop James Hannington. By the end of the 19th century, the power of the Maasai tribe, however, weakened by a war between two tribes and by diseases that hit both humans and animals.
The British could now more easily negotiate with Olonana, the "Laibon" (sort of spiritual leader). Armed with this agreement, the British started immediately with the construction of the railway Mombasa-Uganda, through the heart of Maasai land. Halfway through the railway is now the capital Nairobi where soon the colonial administration moved more from Mombasa. White settlers went north of Nairobi in search of fertile farmland. Clashes between settlers and Maasai were inevitable and in consultation with the Maasai Olonana were allocated two plots of land, north and south of the railway.
British colonists left, however, soon set their sights on the land north of the railroad and the Maasai were forced under protest Olonana in 1910- 1911 to move to the southern part. Often they remained nothing more than to be employed by the white farmers. The Kikuyu tribe had much to suffer from the loss of land to British settlers. Resistance was almost impossible given the military superiority of the Europeans. Other major tribes like the Luo and Luyha and tribes in the northeast were hardly bothered. The white settlers were led by political leader Lord Delamere, which, however, hardly knew anything about the country of the diseases and animal life. It keep very detailed scale of sheep and growing grain than was disastrous for the landscape. Meanwhile, Britain moved the board again from Zanzibar to Mombasa and from there to Nairobi in 1907. Since 1912 they held a more realistic, more varied agricultural policy after, among others, with coffee plantations.
During the First World War, two thirds of the 3,000 settlers called up and used as cavalry against the Germans in Tanganyika. They even managed to dislodge the Germans to Central Africa. After the war, colonization was resumed and the number of settlers had increased in 1920 to 9000; in 1950 to 80,000. War veterans from Europe for example, land was engaged in predatory pricing. In 1920, Kenya officially became a British crown colony. Only the coastal strip remained in possession of the sultan of Zanzibar.
Meanwhile migrated more and more Kikuyus to Nairobi or been involved in one way or another in the colonial economy. The displeasure grew just about taking away their land and there were a number of organizations whose purpose was to give back the expropriated land to the Kikuyu. One of the first leaders, Harry Thuku, was arrested in 1922 for his political activities for the banned East African Association. Then pulled out a group of Africans to the police station in Nairobi where Thuku was imprisoned. Nobody knew after what had happened, but when the smoke went up, there were slain at least 21 Kikuyus. Other reports spoke of a hundred deaths. Thuku was only released in 1930 after he had promised to cooperate with the British authorities. The Kikuyus he was considered since then as a collaborator.
Jomo Kenyatta
Another star in the firmament Kikuyu was Johnstone Kamau, later better known as Jomo Kenyatta. At 29 he moved to Nairobi and soon he became secretary propaganda of the East African Association, something that did him good because of his great oratorical talents. This organization was created to bring about land reform, raise wages and improve educational and medical facilities for the people of Africa. The African population had at that time as the lowest paid jobs and could not get in some hotels and restaurants. Officially had already determined in 1923 that the interests of Africans always but in practice it did not, of course.
Kenyatta signaled this and joined the somewhat fanatical Kikuyu Central Association and became its secretary general. From 1929 to 1946 Kenyatta traveled the world and performed everywhere ideas that might come in handy later on his land. When he returned permanently in 1946 to Kenya, he was the undisputed leader of the Kenyan independence movement. During World War II recruiting all colonial powers African troops to fight in Europe. Unintended side effects as a result of their experiences in the Army was that they saw that the Europeans were not omnipotent, that they could be defeated. Moreover, they were now trained in the use of modern weapons. When the African soldiers therefore came back they used to take this knowledge to actively participate in various campaigns that focused on change.
The main political organization at that time was the Kenya African Union (KAU), first passed by Harry Thuku, followed by James Gichuru, who resigned again in favor of Jomo Kenyatta after his return from Britain. To the wishes of the KAU however, emerged barely listened and as a result there are secret societies in many tribes. The best-known society would be the Mau Mau movement, founded in 1952, which consisted of Kikuyus whole and aimed to expel the settlers from Kenya.
In 1953 the Mau Mau rebellion began with the killing of a herd of animals of a white farmer. A few weeks later assassinated 21 British-minded Kikuyus. The government declared a state of emergency and began confining Kikuyus in so-called "protected villages" that were surrounded by barbed wire and trenches with booby traps. Furthermore, there were about 20,000 Kikuyus recruited to help the British to suppress the uprising. The rebellion ended in 1956 on the side of the Africans more than 13,500 deaths and just over 100 casualties on the side of the Europeans. Another 20,000 Kikuyus were captured after which many died under appalling conditions. Kenyatta was arrested in 1953 as suspected leader of the Mau Mau- movement, something he probably never has been. In 1956 there was first talk with Africans to resolve the political conflict. In 1957, eight additional Africans were allowed to represent their nations in parliament. Among them, the young activist Daniel arap Moi, who would become later President of Kenya.
Kenyatta was released in 1959 but immediately placed under house arrest. The rebellion shocked the settlers and led to the creation of several Caucasian political parties and also the departure of many settlers in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), South Africa and Australia. Some parties wanted a split of the country into a black and white Kenya. Other parties want democratic elections, and that would be at the Lancaster House Conference of 1960 be adopted as the way forward. The date for independence was adopted on a day in December 1963 and the Kenyan government even got $ 100 million to buy out white farmers.
Meanwhile, the KAU was split into a movement that advocated (KANU = Kenya African National Union), a centrally-led government in Nairobi and a movement that opted for a federal state to avoid Kikuyu majeure (Kadu = Kenya African Democratic Union). Most whites naturally supported the Kadu. In 1961, Kenyatta was released from prison and elected president of the KANU. He tried to reassure the settlers, they would have nothing to fear in an independent Kenya that would be their experience needed. He wanted to show the world that two totally different cultures could live together peacefully. And so Kenyatta changed in the eyes of the settlers of a feared Mau Mau leader in a respected statesman.
The two parties formed a coalition government in 1962, but after the first general elections in May 1963 Kenyatta and KANU were the first prime minister in power. At that time, Kenya was given control over all domestic affairs. Defense and foreign affairs remained in the hands of the British. On December 12, 1963 Kenya became fully independent with Kenyatta as its first president.
In 1964, Kenya was virtually a one-party state that the Kadu raised himself. Kenya was also a parliament with only one room.
In 1966, an opposition party was once founded by Luo Oginga Odinga. Odinga that ended several times in prison on conspiracy theories against the government. Tom Mboya, a Luo and seen as a future presidential candidate, was shot dead in 1969 by a Kikuyu. Also J.N. Kariuki, a very popular Kikuyu who expressed fanatical about the new black elite and the related corruption, was murdered in 1975. Other opponents of Kenyatta were regularly arrested and detained without trial for a long time.
On August 12, 1978 died Kenya's first president Jomo Kenyatta. Kenyatta was succeeded by Kenyatta's vice president Daniel arap Moi, a member of the Tugen tribe. He declared war on corruption and cronyism and amnesty for all prisoners but his reign the first year was marked by arrests of dissidents, the dissolution of tribalism and the closure of some universities. Often happened that after alleged conspiracy theories against the government. In any case was criticized Moi and his government absolutely not be tolerated. In August 1982 there was a coup attempt by the Kenyan Air Force, supported by students from Nairobi University. The coup was beaten down by pro-government forces and took 120 lives. Twelve leaders were sentenced to death and 900 others were sentenced to prison terms. The entire air force was replaced by new units.
After this first coup attempt more would have more followed, but details on this are never made public.
President Moi was re-elected in March 1987 through a highly controversial voting system. After the elections, Moi appointed no fewer than 33 ministers and some key opposition politicians mouth was gagged after allegations of ballot tampering. There was still on top of that Moi considerably increased the presidential power by granting the right of judges and senior officials at its own discretion to appoint or dismiss. From that time the political opposition was made basically silenced. The KANU strengthened its powerful position through the KANU Youth Wing, the youth wing of the party, however, was also used to disrupt demonstrations and opposition figures harass or intimidate. Also were opposition leaders Mwai Kibaki and Kenneth Matiba put in prison without trial. The opposition had to come from the church. Several Kenyan religious leaders of Christian churches allowed themselves highly critical of the government of Moi. However, they were threatened with imprisonment and persecution.
But the times were changing; multiparty systems strike across Africa kicking and Kenya could this not escape. After the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union settled the West, among others focus on Africa. Until then it had supported many corrupt totalitarian regimes as long as they showed no communist sympathies. The Kenyan government felt itself quickly put under pressure by a number of donor countries to introduce a multi-party system as quickly as possible to write a date for elections, otherwise the financial assistance would be stopped. To achieve this quickly was provisionally suspended all aid in early 1992 and so the government was forced to work with.
The opposition, united in the FORD (Forum for the Restoration of Democracy) appeared to win the upcoming elections. But the opposition did himself the tie around. The three leaders, Odinga, Kibaki and Matiba would actually prefer to be self-President of Kenya. Therefore, they split the Ford in Ford-Kenya with Odinga, FORD-Asili with Matiba and the Democratic Party with Kibaki. At that time, the probability of an electoral victory was already gone. Meanwhile, Moi crowds for $ 250 million Kenyan shillings that were not backed by gold reserves. This money was given to the population every 500 Ksh. Although Moi knew that the economy would collapse by this action, it was enough to attract many votes in elections. The tribes asset was completely played out again. He admitted that the Kalenjin tribe (his birthplace) fights provoked by Kikuyu farmers.
There are hundreds of deaths and injuries fell by the fighting and thousands were driven from their homes. He tried to hold the elections in the last week of December on a weekday. This would allow tens of thousands of voters, especially in Nairobi and other major cities, can not vote because they had to vote in the place where they were registered. International observers were only a few days before flown.
The elections themselves were relatively fair, but the damage was already done long. Moi and KANU won the election with only one third of the votes. If the opposition united left they had definitely won. After the elections were various members of parliament on the opposition to KANU. The press scurried about voter fraud and that KANU would have this money paid for but could ultimately prove nothing. THE KANU had little to fear more the opposition, which was very divided again who would be the opposition leader.
In 1995, a new opposition party was founded. The Safina, founded by the white paleontologist Richard Leakey, Raila Odinga and Paul Muite tried to unite the splintered opposition. President Moi saw danger and refused to register the party. Leakey was intimidated weeks. Moi bezigde even statements that the whites had nothing to seek in politics and were allowed to make only worry about their economic activities. In 1996, KANU proposed to change the constitution so that Moi could still be a term president.
In July and August 1997 a lot of political and ethnic violence in Nairobi and on the coast with dozens dead and hundreds injured. President Moi who was re-elected in December 1997, was referred to limited reforms. In the parliamentary elections, where ethnic factors played an important role, the ruling party KANU won a slim majority. In the first months of 1998 came in riots over a hundred people dead. On August 7, 1998 Kenya did come very negative international news. A heavy bomb exploded at the US embassy in Nairobi, which collapsed an adjacent office building.
More than 250 people were slain and 5,000 were injured. The suspicion, for the simultaneous attack on the US embassy in the Tanzanian capital Dar es Salaam, focused on a fundamentalist Islamic group that was led by the Saudi Osama bin Laden. In August, Pakistan delivered a Palestinian suspected of Mohammed Saddiq Odeh. He pointed the FBI in Nairobi on evidence. Odeh would have prepared the attack with a Saudi and an Egyptian. There was much criticism of the actions of US Marines from the blast, which gave priority assistance to American victims. But Kenyans cheered here later to American reprisals in Sudan and Afghanistan. President Moi in 1998 signed a law providing for a constitutional amendment. Moi would prefer to constitutional revisions by submitting the parliament, where his party KANU has the majority. Moreover, the parliament voted unanimously for a law that puts the power of the president to tires.
Kenya had 1999 problems at all its borders. Sudan came back up his claim to the Ilemi Triangle, which was under Kenyan control at that time. Conflicts in Somalia and between the Ethiopian army and the Oromo Liberation Front were sometimes fought on Kenyan territory. International made a bad turn Kenya when agents of the Turkish secret service kidnapped the Kurdish leader Ocalan in Nairobi and brought back to Turkey.
The new president and government inheriting the previous government under Moi a country marked by mismanagement and socio-economic failures. Kenyans hoped to see changes that would lead to an increase in prosperity and welfare. To be successful in this, the government would have to deal with poverty, unemployment, crime, corruption and poorly implemented policies and governance. However, the government has some big defeats known tandem with the negative outcome of the referendum on revising the constitution and then by major corruption scandals in January 2006, which became known after the 'no' in the referendum, Kibaki sacked the entire cabinet . However, there was no follow-up, making some key ministers took office again. After five months of recess rebooted the Kenyan Parliament in March 2006. In addition, it presented a major corruption scandal in a report by John Githongo in January 2006 in which it was implied that some ministers were involved in corruption in state contracts.
In the presidential elections of December 2007 Kibaki claims victory. The opposition led by Odinga wins the most seats in parliamentary elections. In February mediates Ban Ki-moon, the President of the UN between the parties. In April 2008 Kibaki and Odinga to agree on the distribution of posts in a new cabinet. In July 2009, the Kenyan government announced that no special tribunal is due to the election violence. In August 2009 Hillary Clinton visits Kenya and criticized the country because of the lack of investigation into the election violence. In October 2009, the government expresses its commitment to the investigation of the International Criminal Court to the election violence. In July 2010 Kenya poses with her neighbors an East African common market. In April 2013 Uhuru Kenyatta was elected 4th President of Kenia.In September 2013 there will find an attack in a shopping center in Nairobi city which is claimed by al-Shabab militants from Somalia. Various attacks are perpetrated in 2014.
Language
In 1974, English was replaced as the official language Kiswahili, a Bantu language. Before the Arabs in the 7th and 8th centuries to Kenya among others came every tribe had its own culture, religion, customs and language. There was little interaction between the tribes themselves. When the Arabs arrived increased communication between the tribes far in connection with the increasing commercial activities.
There quickly emerged a "lingua franca", a common trading language. This language, Kiswahili, was a combination of the Bantu and Arabic. For example, words like ghali (expensive) and kufikiri (worrying) derived directly from Arabic. Kiswahili is just as pronounced as it is written.
Hello - jambo
Thank You - asante
One - moja
Two - Mbili
Three - tatu
Hundred - mia moja
Monday - jumatatu
Tuesday - Jumanne
Friday - ijumaa
Sunday - jumapili
English is still valid and is still widely spoken and many government publications written in English. Also, even given many lectures in English in university, examined and written. In addition, there are many local dialects big differences. These languages of the ethnic groups belong to the Cushitic and Nilotic language group, or a Bantu language.
Another "language" that one can encounter in Kenya is Sheng, spoken mainly by young people in large cities. Actually it is a kind of patois or vernacular relatively new, as it dates back to the colonial era. It is a combination of Kiswahili and English with some influences from Hindi, Gujarati, Kikuyu and several Kenyan dialects and similar in sound much like Kiswahili.
The state broadcaster, the Kenya Broadcasting Corp. since 1959 (Between 1964 and 1988 called Voice of Kenya), which broadcasts in seventeen languages. Since 1962, there's television. The broadcasts mainly in English; the news also in Kiswahili.
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