Rahim Tabet | Februari 25, 2016 |
Indonesia
Anthropologists divide the Indonesian population into three main groups. The Balinese, Madurese, the Malays of Sumatra and Sulawesi and Makassar-Bugis all belong to the deutero-Malay peoples. They generally have a slender physique, a copper-colored skin and pretty pronounced Mongoloid features.
The Dayaks of Kalimantan, the Toradja and Toalans Sulawesi, including the Konjo's, and the Batak of Sumatra are referred to as proto-Malayan peoples. Their skin is usually lighter and their features are less Mongolian.
The Austronesian peoples of the eastern islands on the contrary weather darker and have a heavier build.
The Indonesian archipelago live more than 300 distinct ethnic groups, each with its own identity. There are huge physical differences between people in different parts of the archipelago, as regards pigmentation, hair type, shape and facial features. This ethnographic diversity can be explained by the successive waves of migration from mainland Asia and possibly even from Africa. The various groups arrived in a series of massive migration waves, at intervals of several centuries. How has gone all this works is still not well understood. Another, more likely explanation is that small groups from Asia gradually entered the Indonesian territory and will, over a period of thousands of years, mingled with the original Australoïde population, and ultimately have largely replaced.
The vast majority of the population belongs to the Malay race. There are clear, esp. Cultural differences between eg. Batak, Dayaks and Toradja and secondly Javanese, the largest group, Sundanese, Madurese, Malays in the narrower sense, Minangkabau, Acehnese, Bugis and Balinese. Irian Jaya and surrounding islands live Papuans belonging to the Melanesian group. Nations which have characteristics of both the Malays and the Melanesians are found in Maluku and Nusa Tenggara, M. N. Timor. There are a few small, isolated living up to the European main breed belonging groups, such as the Koeboes Sumatra and Mentawaiers.
The Chinese, of whom there are more than 5 million, constitute by far the largest ethnic subgroup in Indonesian society. The Chinese live mostly in the ports and in the larger cities in Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan. They dominate the market and are among the wealthy of Indonesia. The economic success of the Chinese is the relationship with other Indonesians any easier.
Brief description of the population of the large islands.
Sumatra
The bulk of the population of Sumatra lives in the long chain of undulating hills at the foot of the Bukit Barisan, "and along rivers and lakes in the highlands. This is the home of two major indigenous peoples, the Minangkabau and Batak. Continue to live here a number of smaller ethnic groups, such as the Acehnese, Gayo's, Alaska, Kubu, Kerinci, Rejang, Mentawai, Enggano and Lampung.
The highlands thus constitute the habitat of more than three million members of the six major Batakstammen, the Toba, Karo, Pakpak, Simalungun, Angkola and Mandailing. They have each have their own dialect, customs and architecture. The Batak are more than 1,500 years ago to Sumatra drawn from the foothills of the Himalayas in northern Myanmar and Thailand.
Among the northern Batak are still animists, under the southern Batak Islamists, particularly the Mandailing. Many Batak by German and Dutch missionaries converted to Christianity.
The Minangkabau live mainly in West Sumatra and are related to the Malays of the east coast of Sumatra. There are currently around seven million Minangkabau, West Sumatra three million and four million distributed in major cities throughout Indonesia. The Minangkabau have, in contrast to the Batak, traditionally a high degree of literacy and big board qualities. Thus, they have always played an important role in the political, economic and scientific development of Indonesia. Many famous Indonesian leaders and writers are also coming from West Sumatra.
Java
The Javanese themselves constitute about two-thirds of the total population and inhabit the fertile plains of Central and East Java, as well as a large part of the north coast. In the higher parts of West Java, the population consists mainly of Islamic Sundanese, on the island of Madura and the opposite parts of East Java home to many Madurese. The Sundanese are indistinguishable in appearance from the Javanese of Central and East Java. In the far west the Badui life and in the far east the Tenggerezen. In the major port cities along the northern coast have many Arabs, Chinese and Europeans established.
The Sundanese have its own culture, with the complex and gamelan angklung music, popular jaipongan dances and lively wayang performances.
The steep slopes of the active volcano Gunung Semeru and Bromo Gunung be inhabited for centuries by the people of the Hindu Tenggerezen. The Tenggerezen, of which about an estimated 40,000, are being marginalized by increased steadily vetsiging of Madurese and Central Javanese.
The Baduy belong to the so-called Mandala community, which relies on an Old Javanese Hindu-Buddhist beliefs with draw
Bali
The largest population group in Bali is formed by the Balinese, who are descended from the second wave of people movers.
Bali was inhabited relatively early and developed a Balinese Hindu-Buddhist culture with a unique, high character. Bali's largest Hindu community in the world outside India. Ninety percent of the Balinese population follower of Balinese Hinduism.
Until the early 20th century, the Balinese lived totally isolated from the rest of the world.
Lombok
The population consists of Lombok Sasak Muslim, Hindu Balinese, Chinese and Arabs. About 10% of the population is Hindu and Lombok most Lombok Cherry living in towns and villages on the narrow plain in the center-west of the island. The vast majority of the population is Sasak, who distinguish between two more or less distinct groups, the Waktu-telu who live in the mountains and Waktu-lima who live in the lowlands.
The handful of remaining original inhabitants, the Bodha, lives in the isolated southeast of the island.
Nusa Tenggara
The inhabitants of the western part of Nusa Tenggara have Mongolian features of the east tend more to the Melanesian type.
Nusa Tenggara is one of the poorest and most infertile areas of Indonesia. Most of the approximately 10 million inhabitants of Nusa Tenggara are farmers or fishermen.
The people of Sumbawa are Muslims. West Sumba has approximately 350,000 inhabitants, with two separate language groups. The people living here still in traditional stilt houses and the worship of the land and the ancestors is still very much alive. East Sumba is dry and rocky and has approximately 250,000 inhabitants who all speak the same language.
Flores is the largest island in the eastern part of Nusa Tenggara. Of the approximately 1.4 million inhabitants of Flores is now 90% Catholic, but interspersed with many traditional views and habits.
In the East Nusa Tenggara is a number of smaller islands, including Solor, Adonara, Lembata, Pantar, Alor, Sawu and roti. The inhabitants of these islands since time immemorial maintained contacts with each other and with the population of the larger islands, and have developed over centuries of high culture.
Kalimantan
Kalimantan is the name of the Indonesian territory, which covers two-thirds of the island of Borneo. The first people of the continent of Asia reached Borneo 3000 BC. The bulk of the population, mostly Chinese and Malays, living in the coastal areas. In East Kalimantan (Kalimantan Timur or Kaltim) live only 1.5 million inhabitants as big as England and Scotland together in a field. Most are farmers from overpopulated Java.
Central Kalimantan is the home of the Dayaks, the collective term for about 200 different nations upstream of major rivers Kapuas, Barito and Mahakam live. The Ngaju are the largest of the groups living in the province Dayaks. Many of them are converted by the Christian faith, but many others clung to the old belief of the Dayaks, that "Kaharingan 'is mentioned. Major tribes include Iban, Kenyah, Tunjung, Kayan, Punan and Benuaq.
The tribesmen of the Penan are the original inhabitants of Borneo which lived here even before the Dayaks. There are currently about 10,000 Penen living in enclaves in the upper basin of the Mahakam and Apo Kayan.
The large Chinese community of West Kalimantan (Kalimantan Barat "or Kalbar) is descended from the prospectors flocking over here in the early 19th century. Most Chinese people continued to live in this region and married native women. Their descendants now form one of the largest Chinese communities in Indonesia.
Sulawesi (Celebes)
The island of Sulawesi is home to the Toradja of the highlands and the seafaring Bugis. The nine million islanders show a great diversity: there are for example more than 40 different languages are spoken. The central location of Sulawesi in the Indonesian archipelago has greatly contributed to the heterogeneity of the population.
Coastal areas and the lowlands of South Sulawesi is inhabited by Mongoloid peoples, which are collectively referred to as 'Bugis', traditionally sailors and shipbuilders.
In South Sulawesi live approximately 6 million inhabitants and with an average of 125
inhabitants per km2 is one of the most densely populated areas of Indonesia.
Between the rugged mountains and fertile plains of the southern part of Central Sulawesi is the habitat of many isolated living evolken which share a common ancestry with the seafaring Bugis, Manda rose and Macassar. The coastal inhabitants of Sulawesi call these people the "Toraja" the "peoples of the highlands. Their residential area called Tanah Toraja or Toradjaland.
The Toradja's traditionally lived in small walled settlements on the hilltops. In the early 20th century Toradja of the Dutch colonial administration were ordered to move from their hilltops to better access and control valleys and plains. The Toradja owe their fame to the grand and colorful celebrations, which are held to ensure that can move the soul of the deceased to the underworld, or "puya" in a manner consistent with their status in the world. In North Sulawesi live approximately 2.3 million people, including more than 200,000 in the capital Manado.
The nations of the Minahassers descendants of Mongoloid immigrants who settled here thousands of years ago. Their languages are related to the languages spoken in the Philippines. Later here also large numbers of Chinese and Europeans settled in this area and has a mixed population resulting from intermarriage between the groups.
Moluccas
The Moluccas or Maluku is a province with thousands of islands scattered over an area of approximately 1.5 million km2.
The largest ethnic group in the Moluccas formed by the Ambonese, who live on Ambon, Saparua, Nusa Laut Seram.
The pagan Naulu are one of the few remaining peoples of the Moluccas who cling to their ancient traditions without religious influences.
Irian Yaya
Irian Jaya is the western half of New Guinea, after Greenland the second largest island in the world. Irian Jaya is the most sparsely populated province of Indonesia. In most areas live less than six people per km2 and there are even areas that are not occupied.
Indigenous Papuans are divided into the blacks who live in the higher elevations and have a very dark house, and in a mix of blacks and Melanesian races on the coast and live in the lower hilly areas.
The first inhabitants of New Guinea arrived from the west, probably around 60,000 years ago. Small groups settled along the coast and not far inland places. Probably on the island hardly contact between the different groups, creating the incredible number of rooks buckle 800 languages are in New Guinea, about 550 in Papua New Guinea and 250 in Irian Jaya. A number of languages are spoken by only 2,000 people.
People from southern China and Taiwan also arrived on the island, but failed the majority of Papuans to resist assimilation with the newcomers, who only settled on some nearby islands and coastal areas of the island.
In the fertile Baliem Valley Dani life, the most famous tribe of the interior of Irian Jaya. They lived completely isolated until their discovery in 1938. Now, after more than fifty years of contact with the outside world, the lifestyle has changed somewhat, but the men still wear only the distinctive penis sheaths and women a skirt of grass.
The land of Asmat, master woodcarvers from the marshes, located around the place Agats. The 70,000-member Asmat tribe is the largest in the region and living in about 100 villages located in an area of 27,000 km2. Most of the Asmat live in the marshes have adopted the Christian faith.
The other peoples in the area divided into two groups: the people on the coast and the peoples of the interior. They speak different dialects and have a different way of life, social structure, and ceremonies. The peoples on the coast are also divided into two groups: the Bisma and Simai.
Distribution and demographics
In 2014, Indonesia had 253 609 643 inhabitants. This country is the fifth country in the world in terms of population.
The population of Indonesia is very unevenly spread across the archipelago: about 67% of whom live on Java (population density: 800 people per km2), Madura and Bali, while the three islands together cover only 7% of the total area.
Jakarta, home to 9.1 million people in 2013, a population of 15 592 inhabitants per km2. Other large cities are: Surabaya (2.5 million), Bandung (2.4 million), Medan (2.1 million), Semarang (1.3 million).
Attempts to internal emigration ( "transmigration") to sparsely populated areas in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Irian Jaya to relieve the pressure of overcrowding on Java, have had little success. As a secondary objective, the regional development and the 'Indonesianisation "were staged (considered by most people outside Java as Javanisering). Because of the fear of losing their cultural identity, programs encountered in the populations in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Irian Jaya in many, sometimes violent resistance. Particularly in Irian Jaya, the indigenous population is increasingly likely to become a minority in their own country.
Very sparsely populated provinces of Irian Jaya with only four inhabitants per km2, and Kalimantan. The most populous province outside Java Lampung.
There is a National Institute of Family Planning, which aims to reduce the annual birth rate since 1968. The population increased since the eighties reduced rate and the birth rate dropped from 41.5 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1970 to 17 in 2013; the death rate decreased in the same period from 17.5 to 6.3. The population is estimated at 0.95% (2014)
More than 26% of the population is younger than 15 years; the average life expectancy for women is 74.9 years and for men 69.6 years. Indonesia therefore has a very young population.
Approximately half of the population lives (2013) in rural areas, usually, at least in Java, in closed settlements (dessa, kampong) with populations ranging from several hundred to less than fifty. The Chinese minority lives mainly in urban centers.
The Dayaks of Kalimantan, the Toradja and Toalans Sulawesi, including the Konjo's, and the Batak of Sumatra are referred to as proto-Malayan peoples. Their skin is usually lighter and their features are less Mongolian.
The Austronesian peoples of the eastern islands on the contrary weather darker and have a heavier build.
The vast majority of the population belongs to the Malay race. There are clear, esp. Cultural differences between eg. Batak, Dayaks and Toradja and secondly Javanese, the largest group, Sundanese, Madurese, Malays in the narrower sense, Minangkabau, Acehnese, Bugis and Balinese. Irian Jaya and surrounding islands live Papuans belonging to the Melanesian group. Nations which have characteristics of both the Malays and the Melanesians are found in Maluku and Nusa Tenggara, M. N. Timor. There are a few small, isolated living up to the European main breed belonging groups, such as the Koeboes Sumatra and Mentawaiers.
The Chinese, of whom there are more than 5 million, constitute by far the largest ethnic subgroup in Indonesian society. The Chinese live mostly in the ports and in the larger cities in Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan. They dominate the market and are among the wealthy of Indonesia. The economic success of the Chinese is the relationship with other Indonesians any easier.
Brief description of the population of the large islands.
Sumatra
The bulk of the population of Sumatra lives in the long chain of undulating hills at the foot of the Bukit Barisan, "and along rivers and lakes in the highlands. This is the home of two major indigenous peoples, the Minangkabau and Batak. Continue to live here a number of smaller ethnic groups, such as the Acehnese, Gayo's, Alaska, Kubu, Kerinci, Rejang, Mentawai, Enggano and Lampung.
The highlands thus constitute the habitat of more than three million members of the six major Batakstammen, the Toba, Karo, Pakpak, Simalungun, Angkola and Mandailing. They have each have their own dialect, customs and architecture. The Batak are more than 1,500 years ago to Sumatra drawn from the foothills of the Himalayas in northern Myanmar and Thailand.
Among the northern Batak are still animists, under the southern Batak Islamists, particularly the Mandailing. Many Batak by German and Dutch missionaries converted to Christianity.
The Minangkabau live mainly in West Sumatra and are related to the Malays of the east coast of Sumatra. There are currently around seven million Minangkabau, West Sumatra three million and four million distributed in major cities throughout Indonesia. The Minangkabau have, in contrast to the Batak, traditionally a high degree of literacy and big board qualities. Thus, they have always played an important role in the political, economic and scientific development of Indonesia. Many famous Indonesian leaders and writers are also coming from West Sumatra.
Java
The Javanese themselves constitute about two-thirds of the total population and inhabit the fertile plains of Central and East Java, as well as a large part of the north coast. In the higher parts of West Java, the population consists mainly of Islamic Sundanese, on the island of Madura and the opposite parts of East Java home to many Madurese. The Sundanese are indistinguishable in appearance from the Javanese of Central and East Java. In the far west the Badui life and in the far east the Tenggerezen. In the major port cities along the northern coast have many Arabs, Chinese and Europeans established.
The Sundanese have its own culture, with the complex and gamelan angklung music, popular jaipongan dances and lively wayang performances.
The steep slopes of the active volcano Gunung Semeru and Bromo Gunung be inhabited for centuries by the people of the Hindu Tenggerezen. The Tenggerezen, of which about an estimated 40,000, are being marginalized by increased steadily vetsiging of Madurese and Central Javanese.
The Baduy belong to the so-called Mandala community, which relies on an Old Javanese Hindu-Buddhist beliefs with draw
Bali
The largest population group in Bali is formed by the Balinese, who are descended from the second wave of people movers.
Bali was inhabited relatively early and developed a Balinese Hindu-Buddhist culture with a unique, high character. Bali's largest Hindu community in the world outside India. Ninety percent of the Balinese population follower of Balinese Hinduism.
Until the early 20th century, the Balinese lived totally isolated from the rest of the world.
Lombok
The population consists of Lombok Sasak Muslim, Hindu Balinese, Chinese and Arabs. About 10% of the population is Hindu and Lombok most Lombok Cherry living in towns and villages on the narrow plain in the center-west of the island. The vast majority of the population is Sasak, who distinguish between two more or less distinct groups, the Waktu-telu who live in the mountains and Waktu-lima who live in the lowlands.
The handful of remaining original inhabitants, the Bodha, lives in the isolated southeast of the island.
Nusa Tenggara
The inhabitants of the western part of Nusa Tenggara have Mongolian features of the east tend more to the Melanesian type.
Nusa Tenggara is one of the poorest and most infertile areas of Indonesia. Most of the approximately 10 million inhabitants of Nusa Tenggara are farmers or fishermen.
The people of Sumbawa are Muslims. West Sumba has approximately 350,000 inhabitants, with two separate language groups. The people living here still in traditional stilt houses and the worship of the land and the ancestors is still very much alive. East Sumba is dry and rocky and has approximately 250,000 inhabitants who all speak the same language.
Flores is the largest island in the eastern part of Nusa Tenggara. Of the approximately 1.4 million inhabitants of Flores is now 90% Catholic, but interspersed with many traditional views and habits.
In the East Nusa Tenggara is a number of smaller islands, including Solor, Adonara, Lembata, Pantar, Alor, Sawu and roti. The inhabitants of these islands since time immemorial maintained contacts with each other and with the population of the larger islands, and have developed over centuries of high culture.
Kalimantan
Kalimantan is the name of the Indonesian territory, which covers two-thirds of the island of Borneo. The first people of the continent of Asia reached Borneo 3000 BC. The bulk of the population, mostly Chinese and Malays, living in the coastal areas. In East Kalimantan (Kalimantan Timur or Kaltim) live only 1.5 million inhabitants as big as England and Scotland together in a field. Most are farmers from overpopulated Java.
Central Kalimantan is the home of the Dayaks, the collective term for about 200 different nations upstream of major rivers Kapuas, Barito and Mahakam live. The Ngaju are the largest of the groups living in the province Dayaks. Many of them are converted by the Christian faith, but many others clung to the old belief of the Dayaks, that "Kaharingan 'is mentioned. Major tribes include Iban, Kenyah, Tunjung, Kayan, Punan and Benuaq.
The tribesmen of the Penan are the original inhabitants of Borneo which lived here even before the Dayaks. There are currently about 10,000 Penen living in enclaves in the upper basin of the Mahakam and Apo Kayan.
The large Chinese community of West Kalimantan (Kalimantan Barat "or Kalbar) is descended from the prospectors flocking over here in the early 19th century. Most Chinese people continued to live in this region and married native women. Their descendants now form one of the largest Chinese communities in Indonesia.
Sulawesi (Celebes)
The island of Sulawesi is home to the Toradja of the highlands and the seafaring Bugis. The nine million islanders show a great diversity: there are for example more than 40 different languages are spoken. The central location of Sulawesi in the Indonesian archipelago has greatly contributed to the heterogeneity of the population.
Coastal areas and the lowlands of South Sulawesi is inhabited by Mongoloid peoples, which are collectively referred to as 'Bugis', traditionally sailors and shipbuilders.
In South Sulawesi live approximately 6 million inhabitants and with an average of 125
inhabitants per km2 is one of the most densely populated areas of Indonesia.
Between the rugged mountains and fertile plains of the southern part of Central Sulawesi is the habitat of many isolated living evolken which share a common ancestry with the seafaring Bugis, Manda rose and Macassar. The coastal inhabitants of Sulawesi call these people the "Toraja" the "peoples of the highlands. Their residential area called Tanah Toraja or Toradjaland.
The Toradja's traditionally lived in small walled settlements on the hilltops. In the early 20th century Toradja of the Dutch colonial administration were ordered to move from their hilltops to better access and control valleys and plains. The Toradja owe their fame to the grand and colorful celebrations, which are held to ensure that can move the soul of the deceased to the underworld, or "puya" in a manner consistent with their status in the world. In North Sulawesi live approximately 2.3 million people, including more than 200,000 in the capital Manado.
The nations of the Minahassers descendants of Mongoloid immigrants who settled here thousands of years ago. Their languages are related to the languages spoken in the Philippines. Later here also large numbers of Chinese and Europeans settled in this area and has a mixed population resulting from intermarriage between the groups.
Moluccas
The Moluccas or Maluku is a province with thousands of islands scattered over an area of approximately 1.5 million km2.
The largest ethnic group in the Moluccas formed by the Ambonese, who live on Ambon, Saparua, Nusa Laut Seram.
The pagan Naulu are one of the few remaining peoples of the Moluccas who cling to their ancient traditions without religious influences.
Irian Yaya
Irian Jaya is the western half of New Guinea, after Greenland the second largest island in the world. Irian Jaya is the most sparsely populated province of Indonesia. In most areas live less than six people per km2 and there are even areas that are not occupied.
Indigenous Papuans are divided into the blacks who live in the higher elevations and have a very dark house, and in a mix of blacks and Melanesian races on the coast and live in the lower hilly areas.
The first inhabitants of New Guinea arrived from the west, probably around 60,000 years ago. Small groups settled along the coast and not far inland places. Probably on the island hardly contact between the different groups, creating the incredible number of rooks buckle 800 languages are in New Guinea, about 550 in Papua New Guinea and 250 in Irian Jaya. A number of languages are spoken by only 2,000 people.
People from southern China and Taiwan also arrived on the island, but failed the majority of Papuans to resist assimilation with the newcomers, who only settled on some nearby islands and coastal areas of the island.
In the fertile Baliem Valley Dani life, the most famous tribe of the interior of Irian Jaya. They lived completely isolated until their discovery in 1938. Now, after more than fifty years of contact with the outside world, the lifestyle has changed somewhat, but the men still wear only the distinctive penis sheaths and women a skirt of grass.
The land of Asmat, master woodcarvers from the marshes, located around the place Agats. The 70,000-member Asmat tribe is the largest in the region and living in about 100 villages located in an area of 27,000 km2. Most of the Asmat live in the marshes have adopted the Christian faith.
The other peoples in the area divided into two groups: the people on the coast and the peoples of the interior. They speak different dialects and have a different way of life, social structure, and ceremonies. The peoples on the coast are also divided into two groups: the Bisma and Simai.
Distribution and demographics
In 2014, Indonesia had 253 609 643 inhabitants. This country is the fifth country in the world in terms of population.
The population of Indonesia is very unevenly spread across the archipelago: about 67% of whom live on Java (population density: 800 people per km2), Madura and Bali, while the three islands together cover only 7% of the total area.
Jakarta, home to 9.1 million people in 2013, a population of 15 592 inhabitants per km2. Other large cities are: Surabaya (2.5 million), Bandung (2.4 million), Medan (2.1 million), Semarang (1.3 million).
Attempts to internal emigration ( "transmigration") to sparsely populated areas in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Irian Jaya to relieve the pressure of overcrowding on Java, have had little success. As a secondary objective, the regional development and the 'Indonesianisation "were staged (considered by most people outside Java as Javanisering). Because of the fear of losing their cultural identity, programs encountered in the populations in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Irian Jaya in many, sometimes violent resistance. Particularly in Irian Jaya, the indigenous population is increasingly likely to become a minority in their own country.
Very sparsely populated provinces of Irian Jaya with only four inhabitants per km2, and Kalimantan. The most populous province outside Java Lampung.
There is a National Institute of Family Planning, which aims to reduce the annual birth rate since 1968. The population increased since the eighties reduced rate and the birth rate dropped from 41.5 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1970 to 17 in 2013; the death rate decreased in the same period from 17.5 to 6.3. The population is estimated at 0.95% (2014)
More than 26% of the population is younger than 15 years; the average life expectancy for women is 74.9 years and for men 69.6 years. Indonesia therefore has a very young population.
Approximately half of the population lives (2013) in rural areas, usually, at least in Java, in closed settlements (dessa, kampong) with populations ranging from several hundred to less than fifty. The Chinese minority lives mainly in urban centers.
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