Rahim Tabet | Februari 11, 2016 |
Gambia
The written history of The Gambia does not begin until the 15th century, when the Portuguese found a trading post on an island in the Gambia River. Before that time, little is known. About 500 years v. Chr. makes the Carthaginian admiral Hanno the first mention of the Gambia River. In 445 v. Chr. the famous Greek historian Herodotus enter a piece of the Gambia River.
An unknown people left about 700 AD. stones behind which are placed in the form of circles. These stone circles are found near Wassu, on the south side of the Gambia River. Curiously, all other circles found north of the river.
In that time the Arabs across the Sahara and gradually conquered North Africa. Berbers were driven to the south and in turn, the Wolof and Mandinka were forced to withdraw southward, inter alia, to the area of the current Gambia. It began to form nations and tribes that were around in 1100 conquered by the kingdom of Ghana, then situated on the site of today's Mali and Mauritania. After this Berber tribes invaded Gambia, and with them came Islam.
At the beginning of the 14th century Mali emperor was captured in Gambia and was again. The emperor was descended from Berbers. During the 16th century there arose trade relations between Gambia living Berbers and tribes from the border of Mali and Nigeria. Emerged some new strains, called Songhai. Meanwhile, the whites in Africa arrived and the Berbers retreated to Mali from the area of the Gambia River. thereby below arose quarrels at the Songhai people and the Songhai were an easy prey for the Spaniards and Portuguese. They were Spanish and Portuguese Muslims driven out of Europe by Christian forces, which appeared for the Gambia.
In 1456 flying the Portuguese at the initiative of Henry the Navigator in the Gambia River. On an island in the river was a trading post, Ilha de San Andrés, furnished and the Portuguese ruled over the entire area along the river. From 1501 the first slaves were sold to Spain in particular. The British took the big and the first major slave transport dates from 1562 to Britain. Immediately afterwards the slaves began shipments to the Americas and the Caribbean. It is estimated that between 1501 and 1856, the year in which America abolished slavery, more than 12 million slaves were transported from Gambia to America. This was done under degrading conditions and probably died more than half of the slaves during the trip. Late seventeenth century there were in the area Senegambiaanse over ten forts and posts for the slave trade.
Gambia and the slave trade were extensively covered in the bestselling author Alex Haley, "Roots." The television series was made in response to the book made a big impression.
In 1651 the Courland German duke built the first fort on Ilha de San Andrés. In 1661 Ilha de San Andrés was occupied by the British and they built a new fort was named Fort James, the English King James II. The British, however, were frequent conflicts with hostile tribes and with French soldiers. In 1681 founded the French on the north bank of the Gambia River, an enclave Albadarr or Albreda called. After a major fire in 1686 left the French Albadarr. In 1689 it was again conquered by the British in 1695 and the French claimed the area and destroyed Fort James again. Also at the beginning of the eighteenth century it was still reshuffling that Fort James concerned. And finally, during the 300 years of occupation the island changed at least 10 times from owner.
The Treaty of Paris in 1763 seemed to help. Gambia would be British, while the French were allowed to stay in Albadarr. Now, however, the British were again driven by natives and took the French back their chance. In 1779 the island was occupied by the French but eventually Gambia in 1783 was awarded by the Treaty of Versailles to the British, and neighboring Senegal belonged to the French. The boundaries of the area were not fixed a long time. These were only established in 1884 at the Conference of Berlin. From 1920 Gambia became a British protectorate. In the twentieth century, the British Empire collapsed slowly collapsed and there were to arrive for Gambia major changes. At the beginning of the sixties, David Jawara founded the People's Progressive Party. This party won the election in 1962 and became the largest party in the newly established Gambian parliament. On February 18, 1965 The Gambia became independent, albeit still under the flag of the British Commonwealth as an independent member. Jawara became the first prime minister of the Gambia. In 1967 was signed a cooperation agreement with Gambia and Senegal that had lead to the two countries as one country, Senegambia, would continue. In 1976, the border between the two countries were re-established, and between 1982 and 1989 they formed a confederation. That treaty was again denounced in 1989 as Senegal found that The Gambia did not develop fast enough. Gambia then decided to remain independent.
Until 1970 Gambia became fully independent with Jawara first president. Gambia was the last British colony in Africa that became independent. In 1980 and 1981 there are conspiracies against Jawara were discovered, and the armed forces (200 male) and police (700 men) were expanded. Some time later the military was again extended, and that eventually led
in 1994 to a coup by Lieutenant Yahya Jammeh, which incidentally came without bloodshed established. Jawara they accused of corruption. ordinary people also benefited enough from the growing revenue from the tourist industry. Jawara fled to Senegal. Jammeh formed a military government but promised to restore democracy and elections wrote in the meantime, the economy suffered for July 1996 much damage from all events. Particularly Britain and the Nordic countries advised tourists not to travel to Gambia. Until the end of 1995, the tourism regained some going. In the years 1996 and 1997 parliamentary democracy was again "restored" with a new constitution and general elections Jammeh was elected as the new president and took place. The new party won by Jammeh, including protests by his opponents, with 56% of votes. Also abroad did not agree with the conduct of the elections. Jammeh nevertheless remained popular among the general population. Jammeh in turn announced far-reaching plans with regard to the infrastructure and the economy. A new airport was built and was promised that hospitals and schools should be built into the interior.
In late 1997 the magazine The New African published an article on millions of dollars in aid that would have ended up in foreign bank accounts. It would be trifled with human rights. Despite this negative publicity, it appears that Jammeh is currently the only one that Gambia found the much needed stability bieden.Mede is under pressure from foreign donors in 1996 presidential and parliamentary elections in 1997 instead. Jammeh won 56% of the vote and was installed as President on October 18, 1996. In the presidential elections of October 18, 2001 Jammeh was reelected with 53% of the votes cast. His main opponent, Darboe, received 32% of the electorate behind him. While in the run up to these elections several violent and intimidating incidents have occurred toward the opposition, the elections were orderly, and they were considered free and fair by observers. On June 1, 2002 returned the former president ousted in 1994. Sir Dawda Jawara return to The Gambia after a period of 8 years of exile in the United Kingdom. The return was made possible after an amnesty granted by Jammeh.
Because of the many changes of ministers and state secretaries, as well as the Chief of Defence Staff, police, security service chief and central bank director, he holds over a few supporters. In October 2005, former Minister of the Interior, Samba Bah, arrested for economic crimes, espionage and terrorism. The chairman of the electoral commission, appointed to organize got smashed and was removed from office in early July 2005, the presidential, legislative and municipal elections. Confidence that ministers and government officials have in the presidential and thereby functioning of government is small and decisions are only taken at the level of the president. To date, the opposition still know not to present joint candidate. If the opposition still succeeds, there is a high risk of political instability in the run-up to the presidential elections (as has happened before in the run up to the elections in 2001). During by-elections in September 2005 three of the four to win seats in parliament by the opposition coalition National Alliance for Democracy and Development (Nadd) won. In September 2006, President Yahya Jammeh (41 years) re-elected as president. He received 47 of the 48 constituencies the most votes. In January 2007 his party won the parliamentary elections too. In May 2008 Jammeh draws attention to the statement that he would behead any gay in Gambia, he is strongly criticized by the international gay movement. In September 2009 Jammeh threatened to kill human rights activists. In November 2011 President Jammeh wins presidential elections and go on for another term. In October 2013 Gambia leaving the Commonwealth, according to Jammeh because of the neo-colonial structure of the organization.
Gambia Language
English is the official language in The Gambia, especially in government, education, law, and of course in the tourist centers. More than half of the Gambians speak next to their own tribal language is also English. In the interior, one can generally good contact with English. Typically the official name is The Gambia, but The Gambia. The Gambia River is always called River Gambia. The main stem is the Mandinka language. This language is also used when people from different tribes talk. Especially in the cities has Wolof this feature. Furthermore, Fula, Jola Serahuli and even major tribal languages. The French is frequently used as a trade and language. Especially working in the tourist centers where many French-speaking Senegalese.
In that time the Arabs across the Sahara and gradually conquered North Africa. Berbers were driven to the south and in turn, the Wolof and Mandinka were forced to withdraw southward, inter alia, to the area of the current Gambia. It began to form nations and tribes that were around in 1100 conquered by the kingdom of Ghana, then situated on the site of today's Mali and Mauritania. After this Berber tribes invaded Gambia, and with them came Islam.
At the beginning of the 14th century Mali emperor was captured in Gambia and was again. The emperor was descended from Berbers. During the 16th century there arose trade relations between Gambia living Berbers and tribes from the border of Mali and Nigeria. Emerged some new strains, called Songhai. Meanwhile, the whites in Africa arrived and the Berbers retreated to Mali from the area of the Gambia River. thereby below arose quarrels at the Songhai people and the Songhai were an easy prey for the Spaniards and Portuguese. They were Spanish and Portuguese Muslims driven out of Europe by Christian forces, which appeared for the Gambia.
Gambia and the slave trade were extensively covered in the bestselling author Alex Haley, "Roots." The television series was made in response to the book made a big impression.
In 1651 the Courland German duke built the first fort on Ilha de San Andrés. In 1661 Ilha de San Andrés was occupied by the British and they built a new fort was named Fort James, the English King James II. The British, however, were frequent conflicts with hostile tribes and with French soldiers. In 1681 founded the French on the north bank of the Gambia River, an enclave Albadarr or Albreda called. After a major fire in 1686 left the French Albadarr. In 1689 it was again conquered by the British in 1695 and the French claimed the area and destroyed Fort James again. Also at the beginning of the eighteenth century it was still reshuffling that Fort James concerned. And finally, during the 300 years of occupation the island changed at least 10 times from owner.
in 1994 to a coup by Lieutenant Yahya Jammeh, which incidentally came without bloodshed established. Jawara they accused of corruption. ordinary people also benefited enough from the growing revenue from the tourist industry. Jawara fled to Senegal. Jammeh formed a military government but promised to restore democracy and elections wrote in the meantime, the economy suffered for July 1996 much damage from all events. Particularly Britain and the Nordic countries advised tourists not to travel to Gambia. Until the end of 1995, the tourism regained some going. In the years 1996 and 1997 parliamentary democracy was again "restored" with a new constitution and general elections Jammeh was elected as the new president and took place. The new party won by Jammeh, including protests by his opponents, with 56% of votes. Also abroad did not agree with the conduct of the elections. Jammeh nevertheless remained popular among the general population. Jammeh in turn announced far-reaching plans with regard to the infrastructure and the economy. A new airport was built and was promised that hospitals and schools should be built into the interior.
In late 1997 the magazine The New African published an article on millions of dollars in aid that would have ended up in foreign bank accounts. It would be trifled with human rights. Despite this negative publicity, it appears that Jammeh is currently the only one that Gambia found the much needed stability bieden.Mede is under pressure from foreign donors in 1996 presidential and parliamentary elections in 1997 instead. Jammeh won 56% of the vote and was installed as President on October 18, 1996. In the presidential elections of October 18, 2001 Jammeh was reelected with 53% of the votes cast. His main opponent, Darboe, received 32% of the electorate behind him. While in the run up to these elections several violent and intimidating incidents have occurred toward the opposition, the elections were orderly, and they were considered free and fair by observers. On June 1, 2002 returned the former president ousted in 1994. Sir Dawda Jawara return to The Gambia after a period of 8 years of exile in the United Kingdom. The return was made possible after an amnesty granted by Jammeh.
Gambia Language
English is the official language in The Gambia, especially in government, education, law, and of course in the tourist centers. More than half of the Gambians speak next to their own tribal language is also English. In the interior, one can generally good contact with English. Typically the official name is The Gambia, but The Gambia. The Gambia River is always called River Gambia. The main stem is the Mandinka language. This language is also used when people from different tribes talk. Especially in the cities has Wolof this feature. Furthermore, Fula, Jola Serahuli and even major tribal languages. The French is frequently used as a trade and language. Especially working in the tourist centers where many French-speaking Senegalese.
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