Rahim Tabet | Februari 29, 2016 |
Indonesia
The official language of Indonesia is Bahasa Indonesia, business languages are English and Dutch in decreasing degree. The many other languages of the archipelago fall into two main groups: the Malay-Polynesian language family and the "non-Austronesian" language family.
The Malay-Polynesian or Austronesian language family includes approximately 250 languages, which can be distinguished forty major groups, such as the Acehs, Malay, Buginese, Javanese and Sundanese.
The non-Austronesian languages include approximately 240 Papuan languages. More than one hundred of these Papuan languages have less than a thousand speakers.
In the current Bahasa Indonesia are the languages of the former rulers still clearly identifiable. come from Portuguese words mentega (butter), nona (miss) and sepatu (shoe). Dutch to include derived: mebel (furniture), bangrut (bankruptcy) karcis (tickets), handuk (towel), pinter (clever) and donkrak (jack). words are derived from English as bodigar (bodyguard) and suplai (supply).
Bahasa Indonesia is a non-tonal language quite easy to learn. The language is written in the Roman alphabet, words are pronounced as they are spelled and the morphology is simple. Verbs and nouns are not conjugated.
The most difficult is the use of prefixes and suffixes to change basic words in verbs and nouns. Accents are just shown as little as Dutch. E at the end of the first syllable is always stupid or flatly.
Like other languages Indonesian has a penchant for abbreviations, which are often incomprehensible to outsiders (for example Pukesmas = Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat).
The peoples of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula spoke different dialects originating from Malay. These dialects developed a court language and a simple variant, which spread from Sumatra across the archipelago and is colloquial for mainly served the trade contacts between different peoples. The need for a common language was big because in the archipelago hundreds of languages were spoken. The Malay had a simple structure worked out well. Through the major trading centers on both sides of the Strait of Malacca could Malay, at that time a trade language or lingua franca easily be spread. Foreign groups such as Arabs, Chinese and Europeans used this language.
Many Dutch migrants used in dealing with indigenous peoples an even simpler version of Malay, the Malay-Pasar. Journalists and writers used the Layer-Malay, a mixture of the simple Pasar Malay and Javanese incomprehensible for Classical Malay, the literary language of the royal courts along the Sumatran coast. Writers who wrote much of the Lower Malay, popularized the low-Malay as written.
The spelling of Malay was very diverse until the 20th century, and they had no need to set a standard. The Europeans on the other hand did have an interest in standardizing Malay, but managed to not answer the question of where the 'best' Malay was spoken. The Protestant missionary made a first attempt to create a Bible in Classical Malay of the Riau Archipelago. Dutch and native officials used this Malay to communicate with each other, and it was therefore finally elevated to the Standard Malay. The important thing here was the teacher C.H. Ophuijsen of which a Malay grammar 'and' Malay textbook "wrote at the beginning of the 20th century. The result was that they chose a written language was lying close to the Malay-Classical and very different from most other Malay dialects and also popularized the Lower Malay.
Gradually supplanted the Van Ophuijsen Standard Malay-Javanese Low-Malay in the written language. In daily life, the Malay-speaking Indonesians continued to use their own dialect, which increased the gap between the written and the spoken language.
On October 28, 1928 the participants of the Indonesian Youth Congress laid the "Oath of youth 'off, in which they promised to fight amongst others for one language, Bahasa Indonesia. Which Indonesian language was the Standard Malaysian Van Ophuijsen. Until World War II was Dutch, however, a major competitor. As used Malay officials in contact with the population, but was taught at secondary schools in Dutch. In 1942, the Japanese occupiers forbade the use of Dutch, which meant the final breakthrough of the Indonesian as the national language. The language of education, the civil service, politics, the press and literature.
To get an unambiguous grammar and spelling uniform Indonesia collaborated with Malaysia in the Language Union. In 1972 the two countries agreed on a new spelling, and example changed Jakarta in Jakarta, Aceh and Aceh.
speaks at the moment only a minority of the population at home the national language; it remains the language of modern, especially urban elite. A large portion of the population at all does not speak Indonesian and continue to communicate at home in the regional language or "Bahasa Daerah.
Dutch was spoken by at most one million Indonesians in the early eighties of the last century. Eighty percent of the population was born after 1950, making Dutch disappears rapidly from Indonesia. Facing the decline of Dutch is the rise of English, a language that is taught in secondary schools.
The name Indonesia (Indonesia), first used by the British ethnologist G. R. Logan in 1850, is derived from the Latin. India and Greek Nesos (= island) means Indonesian archipelago.
Some words and phrases
Thank you = Terima kasih
Good morning =selamat pagi
What is your name? = Siapa nama saudara?
Left = kiri
Right = kanan
Train = kereta api
Plane = Kapal terbang
Store = Toko
Tour = Pariwisata
No smoking = jangan merokok
Sunday = hari minggu
Wednesday = hari rabu
One = satu
Two = dua
Three = tiga
Hundreds = Seratus
Night = malam
Hour = jam
What time is it? = Jam berapa sekarang?
Signature = tanda tangan
 |
| The 3 Pledges was the result of The Second Youth Congress held in Batavia (Jakarta) on October 1928. On the last pledge, there was an affirmation of Indonesian language as a national language of the Republic of Indonesia. |
The non-Austronesian languages include approximately 240 Papuan languages. More than one hundred of these Papuan languages have less than a thousand speakers.
In the current Bahasa Indonesia are the languages of the former rulers still clearly identifiable. come from Portuguese words mentega (butter), nona (miss) and sepatu (shoe). Dutch to include derived: mebel (furniture), bangrut (bankruptcy) karcis (tickets), handuk (towel), pinter (clever) and donkrak (jack). words are derived from English as bodigar (bodyguard) and suplai (supply).
Bahasa Indonesia is a non-tonal language quite easy to learn. The language is written in the Roman alphabet, words are pronounced as they are spelled and the morphology is simple. Verbs and nouns are not conjugated.
The most difficult is the use of prefixes and suffixes to change basic words in verbs and nouns. Accents are just shown as little as Dutch. E at the end of the first syllable is always stupid or flatly.
Like other languages Indonesian has a penchant for abbreviations, which are often incomprehensible to outsiders (for example Pukesmas = Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat).
The peoples of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula spoke different dialects originating from Malay. These dialects developed a court language and a simple variant, which spread from Sumatra across the archipelago and is colloquial for mainly served the trade contacts between different peoples. The need for a common language was big because in the archipelago hundreds of languages were spoken. The Malay had a simple structure worked out well. Through the major trading centers on both sides of the Strait of Malacca could Malay, at that time a trade language or lingua franca easily be spread. Foreign groups such as Arabs, Chinese and Europeans used this language.
Many Dutch migrants used in dealing with indigenous peoples an even simpler version of Malay, the Malay-Pasar. Journalists and writers used the Layer-Malay, a mixture of the simple Pasar Malay and Javanese incomprehensible for Classical Malay, the literary language of the royal courts along the Sumatran coast. Writers who wrote much of the Lower Malay, popularized the low-Malay as written.
The spelling of Malay was very diverse until the 20th century, and they had no need to set a standard. The Europeans on the other hand did have an interest in standardizing Malay, but managed to not answer the question of where the 'best' Malay was spoken. The Protestant missionary made a first attempt to create a Bible in Classical Malay of the Riau Archipelago. Dutch and native officials used this Malay to communicate with each other, and it was therefore finally elevated to the Standard Malay. The important thing here was the teacher C.H. Ophuijsen of which a Malay grammar 'and' Malay textbook "wrote at the beginning of the 20th century. The result was that they chose a written language was lying close to the Malay-Classical and very different from most other Malay dialects and also popularized the Lower Malay.
Gradually supplanted the Van Ophuijsen Standard Malay-Javanese Low-Malay in the written language. In daily life, the Malay-speaking Indonesians continued to use their own dialect, which increased the gap between the written and the spoken language.
On October 28, 1928 the participants of the Indonesian Youth Congress laid the "Oath of youth 'off, in which they promised to fight amongst others for one language, Bahasa Indonesia. Which Indonesian language was the Standard Malaysian Van Ophuijsen. Until World War II was Dutch, however, a major competitor. As used Malay officials in contact with the population, but was taught at secondary schools in Dutch. In 1942, the Japanese occupiers forbade the use of Dutch, which meant the final breakthrough of the Indonesian as the national language. The language of education, the civil service, politics, the press and literature.
To get an unambiguous grammar and spelling uniform Indonesia collaborated with Malaysia in the Language Union. In 1972 the two countries agreed on a new spelling, and example changed Jakarta in Jakarta, Aceh and Aceh.
speaks at the moment only a minority of the population at home the national language; it remains the language of modern, especially urban elite. A large portion of the population at all does not speak Indonesian and continue to communicate at home in the regional language or "Bahasa Daerah.
Dutch was spoken by at most one million Indonesians in the early eighties of the last century. Eighty percent of the population was born after 1950, making Dutch disappears rapidly from Indonesia. Facing the decline of Dutch is the rise of English, a language that is taught in secondary schools.
The name Indonesia (Indonesia), first used by the British ethnologist G. R. Logan in 1850, is derived from the Latin. India and Greek Nesos (= island) means Indonesian archipelago.
Some words and phrases
Thank you = Terima kasih
Good morning =selamat pagi
What is your name? = Siapa nama saudara?
Left = kiri
Right = kanan
Train = kereta api
Plane = Kapal terbang
Store = Toko
Tour = Pariwisata
No smoking = jangan merokok
Sunday = hari minggu
Wednesday = hari rabu
One = satu
Two = dua
Three = tiga
Hundreds = Seratus
Night = malam
Hour = jam
What time is it? = Jam berapa sekarang?
Signature = tanda tangan
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